Glial cells expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), play a critical role in maintaining brain health. However, their ability to differentiate after ischemic injury is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and functions of NG2 glia in the ischemic brain. Using transgenic mice, we selectively labeled NG2-expressing cells and their progeny in both healthy brain and after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we classified the labeled glial cells into five distinct subpopulations based on their gene expression patterns. Additionally, we examined the membrane properties of these cells using the patch-clamp technique. Of the identified subpopulations, three were identified as OPCs, whereas the fourth subpopulation had characteristics indicative of cells likely to develop into oligodendrocytes. The fifth subpopulation of NG2 glia showed astrocytic markers and had similarities to neural progenitor cells. Interestingly, this subpopulation was present in both healthy and post-ischemic tissue; however, its gene expression profile changed after ischemia, with increased numbers of genes related to neurogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the temporal expression of neurogenic genes and showed an increased presence of NG2 cells positive for Purkinje cell protein-4 at the periphery of the ischemic lesion 12 days after FCI, as well as NeuN-positive NG2 cells 28 and 60 days after injury. These results suggest the potential development of neuron-like cells arising from NG2 glia in the ischemic tissue. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of NG2 glia and their capacity for neurogenesis after stroke.

• MeSH
• antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• ischemie mozku * metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• myši transgenní MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nervové kmenové buňky * metabolismus   MeSH
• neuroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Promotion of myelin repair in the context of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) still represents a clinical unmet need, given that this disease is not only characterized by autoimmune activities but also by impaired regeneration processes. Hence, this relates to replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths-the primary targets of autoimmune attacks. Endogenous remyelination is mainly mediated via activation and differentiation of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs), whereas its efficiency remains limited and declines with disease progression and aging. Teriflunomide has been approved as a first-line treatment for relapsing remitting MS. Beyond its role in acting via inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis leading to a cytostatic effect on proliferating lymphocyte subsets, this study aims to uncover its potential to foster myelin repair. METHODS: Within the cuprizone mediated de-/remyelination model teriflunomide dependent effects on oligodendroglial homeostasis and maturation, related to cellular processes important for myelin repair were analyzed in vivo. Teriflunomide administration was performed either as pulse or continuously and markers specific for oligodendroglial maturation and mitochondrial integrity were examined by means of gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses. In addition, axon myelination was determined using electron microscopy. RESULTS: Both pulse and constant teriflunomide treatment efficiently boosted myelin repair activities in this model, leading to accelerated generation of oligodendrocytes and restoration of myelin sheaths. Moreover, teriflunomide restored mitochondrial integrity within oligodendroglial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The link between de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibition, oligodendroglial rescue, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis appears as a key for successful myelin repair and hence for protection of axons from degeneration.

• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• hydroxybutyráty metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• krotonáty farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• myelinová pochva * metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Histone H3.3 glycine 34 to arginine/valine (G34R/V) mutations drive deadly gliomas and show exquisite regional and temporal specificity, suggesting a developmental context permissive to their effects. Here we show that 50% of G34R/V tumors (n = 95) bear activating PDGFRA mutations that display strong selection pressure at recurrence. Although considered gliomas, G34R/V tumors actually arise in GSX2/DLX-expressing interneuron progenitors, where G34R/V mutations impair neuronal differentiation. The lineage of origin may facilitate PDGFRA co-option through a chromatin loop connecting PDGFRA to GSX2 regulatory elements, promoting PDGFRA overexpression and mutation. At the single-cell level, G34R/V tumors harbor dual neuronal/astroglial identity and lack oligodendroglial programs, actively repressed by GSX2/DLX-mediated cell fate specification. G34R/V may become dispensable for tumor maintenance, whereas mutant-PDGFRA is potently oncogenic. Collectively, our results open novel research avenues in deadly tumors. G34R/V gliomas are neuronal malignancies where interneuron progenitors are stalled in differentiation by G34R/V mutations and malignant gliogenesis is promoted by co-option of a potentially targetable pathway, PDGFRA signaling.

• MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• buněčný rodokmen MeSH
• chromatin metabolismus   MeSH
• embryo savčí metabolismus   MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• gliom genetika   patologie   MeSH
• histony genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• interneurony metabolismus   MeSH
• karcinogeneze genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lysin metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• nádory mozku genetika   patologie   MeSH
• nervové kmenové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• přední mozek embryologie   MeSH
• přeprogramování buněk genetika   MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů MeSH
• růstový faktor odvozený z trombocytů - receptor alfa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• stupeň nádoru MeSH
• transkriptom genetika   MeSH
• umlčování genů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) play a pivotal role in both health and disease within the central nervous system, with oligodendrocytes, arising from resident OPCs, being the main myelinating cell type. Disruption in OPC numbers can lead to various deleterious health defects. Numerous studies have described techniques for isolating OPCs to obtain a better understanding of this cell type and to open doors for potential treatments of injury and disease. However, the techniques used in the majority of these studies involve several steps and are time consuming, with current culture protocols using serum and embryonic or postnatal cortical tissue as a source of isolation. We present a primary culture method for the direct isolation of functional adult rat OPCs, identified by neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFrα) expression, which can be obtained from the adult spinal cord. Our method uses a simple serum-free cocktail of 3 growth factors - FGF2, PDGFAA, and IGF-I, to expand adult rat OPCs in vitro to 96% purity. Cultured cells can be expanded for at least 10 passages with very little manipulation and without losing their phenotypic progenitor cell properties, as shown by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cultured adult rat OPCs also maintain their ability to differentiate into GalC positive cells when incubated with factors known to stimulate their differentiation. This new isolation method provides a new source of easily accessible adult stem cells and a powerful tool for their expansion in vitro for studies aimed at central nervous system repair.

• MeSH
• antigeny metabolismus   MeSH
• destičkový růstový faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělé kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fibroblastový růstový faktor 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mícha cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• proteoglykany metabolismus   MeSH
• separace buněk * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are defined by their dual ability to self-renew through mitotic cell division or differentiate into the varied neural cell types of the CNS. DISP3/PTCHD2 is a sterol-sensing domain-containing protein, highly expressed in neural tissues, whose expression is regulated by thyroid hormone. In the present study, we used a mouse NSC line to investigate what effect DISP3 may have on the self-renewal and/or differentiation potential of the cells. We demonstrated that NSC differentiation triggered significant reduction in DISP3 expression in the resulting astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, when DISP3 expression was disrupted, the NSC "stemness" was suppressed, leading to a larger population of cells undergoing spontaneous neuronal differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of DISP3 resulted in increased NSC proliferation. When NSCs were cultured under differentiation conditions, we observed that the lack of DISP3 augmented the number of NSCs differentiating into each of the neural cell lineages and that neuronal morphology was altered. In contrast, DISP3 overexpression resulted in impaired cell differentiation. Taken together, our findings imply that DISP3 may help dictate the NSC cell fate to either undergo self-renewal or switch to the terminal differentiation cell program.

• MeSH
• astrocyty cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace genetika   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• buněčný cyklus genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• nervové kmenové buňky cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

SOX10 belongs to the family of transcription factors essential for the development of neural crest, peripheral nervous system and melanocytes. It is presently used in histopathology as a marker of melanocytic differentiation. SOX10 is expressed in normal brain tissue in oligodendrocytes, but the information about SOX10 expression in primary tumors of the central nervous system is quite limited. In this study, we examined the expression of SOX10 and Olig2 by immunohistochemistry in a series of 98 glial tumors and explored their specificity and sensitivity for differential diagnosis of ependymal vs non-ependymal tumors. In addition, we examined the expression of EMA and CD99 in ependymal tumors. SOX10 and Olig2 staining were scored as negative if no positive cells or only a few positive cells (typically up to 1-3%) were found. In all other instances, SOX10 or Olig2 staining was scored as positive. Out of 44 examined ependymal tumors none was found to express SOX10 and 7 specimens showed only a few SOX10-positive cells that likely corresponded to entrapped non-neoplastic oligodendrocytes. In contrast, non-ependymal tumors expressed SOX10 in 26/54 (48%) specimens. Olig2 was positive in 5 out of 44 ependymomas (11%) and 50 out of 54 (93%) non-ependymal tumors (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas). EMA and CD99 expression was found in 33/44 (75%) and 11/44 (25%) of ependymomas, respectively. SOX10-positivity rules out the diagnosis of ependymoma among other glial tumors with high confidence.

• MeSH
• astrocytom metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• CD antigeny biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ependymom diagnóza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• gliom diagnóza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• molekuly buněčné adheze biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendrogliom metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transkripční faktory bHLH genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory SOXE genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pathological protein deposits in oligodendroglia are common but variable features of various neurodegenerative conditions. To evaluate oligodendrocyte response in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) with different extents of oligodendroglial protein deposition we performed immunostaining for tubulin polymerization-promoting protein p25α (TPPP/p25α), α-synuclein (α-syn), phospho-tau, ubiquitin, myelin basic protein, and the microglial marker HLA-DR. We investigated cases of multiple system atrophy ([MSA] n = 10), Lewy body disease ([LBD] n = 10), globular glial tauopathy ([GGT] n = 7) and progressive supranuclear palsy ([PSP] n = 10). Loss of nuclear TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity correlated significantly with the degree of microglial reaction and loss of myelin basic prtein density as a marker of tract degeneration. This was more prominent in MSA and GGT, which, together with enlarged cytoplasmic TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity and inclusion burden allowed these disorders to be grouped as predominant oligodendroglial proteinopathies. However, distinct features, ie more colocalization of α-syn than tau with TPPP/p25α, more obvious loss of oligodendrocyte density in MSA, but more prominent association of tau protein inclusions in GGT to loss of nuclear TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity, were also recognized. In addition, we observed previously underappreciated oligodendroglial α-synuclein pathology in the pallidothalamic tract in LBD. Our study demonstrates common and distinct aspects of oligodendroglial involvement in the pathogenesis of diverse NDDs.

• MeSH
• alfa-synuklein metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny tau metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tauopatie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

NG2 cells, a fourth glial cell type in the adult mammalian central nervous system, produce oligodendrocytes in the healthy nervous tissue, and display wide differentiation potential under pathological conditions, where they could give rise to reactive astrocytes. The factors that control the differentiation of NG2 cells after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) are largely unknown. Here, we used transgenic Cspg4-cre/Esr1/ROSA26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato) mice, in which tamoxifen administration triggers the expression of red fluorescent protein (tomato) specifically in NG2 cells and cells derived therefrom. Differentiation potential (in vitro and in vivo) of tomato-positive NG2 cells from control or postischemic brains was determined using the immunohistochemistry, single cell RT-qPCR and patch-clamp method. The ischemic injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of FCI. Using genetic fate-mapping method, we identified sonic hedgehog (Shh) as an important factor that influences differentiation of NG2 cells into astrocytes in vitro. We also manipulated Shh signaling in the adult mouse brain after FCI. Shh signaling activation significantly increased the number of astrocytes derived from NG2 cells in the glial scar around the ischemic lesion, while Shh signaling inhibition caused the opposite effect. Since Shh signaling modifications did not change the proliferation rate of NG2 cells, we can conclude that Shh has a direct influence on the differentiation of NG2 cells and therefore, on the formation and composition of a glial scar, which consequently affects the degree of the brain damage. GLIA 2016;64:1518-1531.

• MeSH
• astrocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace fyziologie   MeSH
• ischemie mozku patologie   MeSH
• mozek cytologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neuroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   MeSH
• počet buněk MeSH
• poranění mozku patologie   MeSH
• proteiny hedgehog metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: TDP-43 proteinopathies represent a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. Variable clinical presentations including frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and mixed forms are associated with the spatial heterogeneity of the TDP-43 pathology. Recent studies have emphasized the role of oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis of ALS. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether TDP-43 proteinopathies are associated with an oligodendroglial response. METHODS: We performed a study on 7 controls and 10 diseased patients with spinal cord involvement. Using the oligodendroglia-specific antibody TPPP/p25, we assessed oligodendrocyte density in the lateral corticospinal tracts (LCSs) along with the presence of perineuronal oligodendrocytes (PNOGs) in the anterior horns. We performed a densitometry of myelin basic protein (MBP) immunoreactivity. The numbers of TDP-43 and p62 immunoreactive inclusions were counted in both the LCSs and the anterior horns. RESULTS: Double immunolabeling confirmed that oligodendrocytes harbor TDP-43 inclusions. In the LCSs, MBP density, but not the number of oligodendrocytes, was decreased in the diseased group. However, oligodendrocyte counts in the LCS correlated positively, and the density of MBP inversely, with the number of neuronal inclusions in the anterior horn, suggestive of a compensatory response of oligodendrocytes. The number of neurons with PNOGs correlated with the amount of inclusions. CONCLUSION: Our study further emphasizes the importance of oligodendroglia in the pathogenesis of TDP-43 proteinopathies with spinal cord involvement.

• MeSH
• buněčná inkluze metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• buňky předních rohů míšních metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• encefalitogenní základní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mícha metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motorické neurony metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteinopatie TDP-43 metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteiny vázající RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• pyramidové dráhy metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• alfa-synuklein * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * MeSH
• buněčná inkluze MeSH
• buněčné výběžky parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• demence s Lewyho tělísky enzymologie   etiologie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurity patologie   MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * enzymologie   etiologie   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH