OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short term associations between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries/regions worldwide, using a uniform analytical protocol. DESIGN: Two stage, time series approach, with overdispersed generalised linear models and multilevel meta-analysis. SETTING: 398 cities in 22 low to high income countries/regions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily deaths from total (62.8 million), cardiovascular (19.7 million), and respiratory (5.5 million) causes between 1973 and 2018. RESULTS: On average, a 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration on lag 1 day (previous day) was associated with 0.46% (95% confidence interval 0.36% to 0.57%), 0.37% (0.22% to 0.51%), and 0.47% (0.21% to 0.72%) increases in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. These associations remained robust after adjusting for co-pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm or ≤2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide). The pooled concentration-response curves for all three causes were almost linear without discernible thresholds. The proportion of deaths attributable to NO2 concentration above the counterfactual zero level was 1.23% (95% confidence interval 0.96% to 1.51%) across the 398 cities. CONCLUSIONS: This multilocation study provides key evidence on the independent and linear associations between short term exposure to NO2 and increased risk of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, suggesting that health benefits would be achieved by tightening the guidelines and regulatory limits of NO2.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci chemicky indukované   mortalita   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• nemoci dýchací soustavy chemicky indukované   mortalita   MeSH
• oxid dusičitý toxicita   MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• velkoměsta MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zdraví ve městech statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• velkoměsta MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: People with kidney failure typically receive KRT in the form of dialysis or transplantation. However, studies have suggested that not all patients with kidney failure are best suited for KRT. Additionally, KRT is costly and not always accessible in resource-restricted settings. Conservative kidney management is an alternate kidney failure therapy that focuses on symptom management, psychologic health, spiritual care, and family and social support. Despite the importance of conservative kidney management in kidney failure care, several barriers exist that affect its uptake and quality. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: The Global Kidney Health Atlas is an ongoing initiative of the International Society of Nephrology that aims to monitor and evaluate the status of global kidney care worldwide. This study reports on findings from the 2018 Global Kidney Health Atlas survey, specifically addressing the availability, accessibility, and quality of conservative kidney management. RESULTS: Respondents from 160 countries completed the survey, and 154 answered questions pertaining to conservative kidney management. Of these, 124 (81%) stated that conservative kidney management was available. Accessibility was low worldwide, particularly in low-income countries. Less than half of countries utilized multidisciplinary teams (46%); utilized shared decision making (32%); or provided psychologic, cultural, or spiritual support (36%). One-quarter provided relevant health care providers with training on conservative kidney management delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, conservative kidney management is available in most countries; however, it is not optimally accessible or of the highest quality.

• MeSH
• chronické selhání ledvin terapie   MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• konzervativní terapie * normy   MeSH
• kvalita zdravotní péče * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náboženství MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sdílené rozhodování MeSH
• sociální opora MeSH
• týmová péče o pacienty statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Women on average live longer than men, which seems to suggest that women also age slower than men. However, the potential difference in the pace of aging between the sexes is a relatively controversial topic, and both positions, i.e. "men age faster" and "men and women age at the same pace", have found some support. We therefore employ parametric models previously established in model organisms as well as two nonparametric approaches to compare the pace of aging between the sexes using freely available mortality data from 13 high-income countries. Our results support the hypothesis that men age faster than women while also suggesting that the difference is small and that from a practical standpoint male mortality rates behave similarly to the mortality rates of women approximately eight years their senior.

• MeSH
• databáze jako téma MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita * MeSH
• neparametrická statistika MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• statistické modely MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the geo-economic variations in demographics, management, and outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We aimed to characterise the effect of these geo-economic variations in patients enrolled in the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG SAFE). METHODS: LUNG SAFE was done during 4 consecutive weeks in winter, 2014, in a convenience sample of 459 intensive-care units in 50 countries across six continents. Inclusion criteria were admission to a participating intensive-care unit (including transfers) within the enrolment window and receipt of invasive or non-invasive ventilation. One of the trial's secondary aims was to characterise variations in the demographics, management, and outcome of patients with ARDS. We used the 2016 World Bank countries classification to define three major geo-economic groupings, namely European high-income countries (Europe-High), high-income countries in the rest of the world (rWORLD-High), and middle-income countries (Middle). We compared patient outcomes across these three groupings. LUNG SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02010073. FINDINGS: Of the 2813 patients enrolled in LUNG SAFE who fulfilled ARDS criteria on day 1 or 2, 1521 (54%) were recruited from Europe-High, 746 (27%) from rWORLD-High, and 546 (19%) from Middle countries. We noted significant geographical variations in demographics, risk factors for ARDS, and comorbid diseases. The proportion of patients with severe ARDS or with ratios of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air (FiO2) less than 150 was significantly lower in rWORLD-High countries than in the two other regions. Use of prone positioning and neuromuscular blockade was significantly more common in Europe-High countries than in the other two regions. Adjusted duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive-care unit were significantly shorter in patients in rWORLD-High countries than in Europe-High or Middle countries. High gross national income per person was associated with increased survival in ARDS; hospital survival was significantly lower in Middle countries than in Europe-High or rWORLD-High countries. INTERPRETATION: Important geo-economic differences exist in the severity, clinician recognition, and management of ARDS, and in patients' outcomes. Income per person and outcomes in ARDS are independently associated. FUNDING: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca.

• MeSH
• hodnocení výsledků pacienta MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lékařská geografie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• příjem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• syndrom dechové tísně ekonomika   epidemiologie   MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

The purpose of this study is to explore the main correlates of male height in 105 countries in Europe & overseas, Asia, North Africa and Oceania. Actual data on male height are compared with the average consumption of 28 protein sources (FAOSTAT, 1993-2009) and seven socioeconomic indicators (according to the World Bank, the CIA World Factbook and the United Nations). This comparison identified three fundamental types of diets based on rice, wheat and milk, respectively. The consumption of rice dominates in tropical Asia, where it is accompanied by very low total protein and energy intake, and one of the shortest statures in the world (∼162-168cm). Wheat prevails in Muslim countries in North Africa and the Near East, which is where we also observe the highest plant protein consumption in the world and moderately tall statures that do not exceed 174cm. In taller nations, the intake of protein and energy no longer fundamentally rises, but the consumption of plant proteins markedly decreases at the expense of animal proteins, especially those from dairy. Their highest consumption rates can be found in Northern and Central Europe, with the global peak of male height in the Netherlands (184cm). In general, when only the complete data from 72 countries were considered, the consumption of protein from the five most correlated foods (r=0.85) and the human development index (r=0.84) are most strongly associated with tall statures. A notable finding is the low consumption of the most correlated proteins in Muslim oil superpowers and highly developed countries of East Asia, which could explain their lagging behind Europe in terms of physical stature.

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• dětská úmrtnost trendy   MeSH
• dieta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dietní proteiny * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• hrubý domácí produkt statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mléko MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• porodnost MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• pšenice MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rýže (rod) MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• tělesná výška * MeSH
• výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sociální problémy MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zaměstnanost MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• adiktologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• studie

• Klíčová slova
• HDP, střední délka života,
• MeSH
• analýza nákladů a výnosů metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití MeSH
• rozvojové země ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace ekonomika   MeSH
• veřejné zdravotnictví ekonomika   MeSH
• výdaje na zdravotnictví statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• vyspělé země ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Background: The United Nations' Global Population Pyramid is undertaking a shift from pyramid to cube. The concomitant decline in fertility and mortality rates produces a higher portion of older people, and, thus, an increased number of deaths due to cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited studies have investigated the effect of health care services on longevity. In this work, findings from studies throughout the world are presented and re-analysed in order to evaluate the effect of health care services on population's health status. Methods: Studies that have assessed the associations of nutritional and other health care services (i.e., physicians supply, technical support, inter-collaboration) on longevity and health status were retrieved (searches in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, up to January 2010), and summarized here. Results: Few studies, mostly located in the US and the UK, have evaluated the role of health care services on population's health status. The majority of the studies reported a beneficial association between the frequency of physicians and mortality, while some other studies reported weak or no associations between physician's supply and longevity. Also nutritional services (screening) seem to promote better clinical outcome. Conclusion: Although very few data are available, it seems that there is a positive correlation between the quality and quantity of health care services and longevity. Strong primary health care seems to be effective on the population's health outcome. Active health policy and enhance-ment of health and nutritional services within the health care system may contribute to improved population's health and their overall quality of life.

• MeSH
• dlouhověkost MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční terapie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   využití   MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zdravotnické služby statistika a číselné údaje   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Podle údajů databáze Globocan 2008 je z téměř 482 000 nových nádorů jícnu ve světě 16,9 % případů ve vyspělých a 83,1 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 6,9 % v EU, 2,7 % ve východní Evropě; z 989 000 nových nádorů žaludku je 27,8 % ve vyspělých a 72,2 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 8,4 % v EU, 7,4 % ve východní Evropě; z 1 235 milionu nových nádorů kolorekta je 59 % ve vyspělých a 41 % v méně vyspělých zemích, 27 % v EU, 10,5 % ve východní Evropě. Aktuální přehled registru nádorů ČR za rok 2008 uvádí z celkem 59 052 novotvarů (bez nádorů kůže) u těchto tří diagnóz 10 439 nových případů, což je o 595 víc v porovnání s údaji databáze Globocan 2008. Nicméně i podle těchto dat dosáhli muži ČR nejvyšší hodnotou kumulativního rizika u nádorů kolorekta ve světě 3. místa a ženy 14. místa. Varující počty 4 771 milionu nových nádorů těchto tří diagnóz a 3 137 milionu úmrtí na ně ve světě očekávaných v roce 2030 s vyšším rizikem u populace v méně rozvinutých zemích vyžadují větší mezinárodní spolupráci a osobní odpovědnost za zlepšení způsobu života, aby se očekávané statistiky nenaplnily.

According database of Globocan 2008 of total 482 thousand worldwide new esophagel cancers are reported 16.9% cases in more developed and 83.1% in less developed regions, 6.9% in EU, 2.7% in the Eastern Europe; of total 989 thousand new stomach cancers are reported 27.8% in more developed and 72.2% in less developed regions, 8.4% in EU, 7.4% in the Eastern Europe; of total 1.235 milion new colorectal cancers are reported 59% cases in more developed and 41% in less developed regions, 27% in EU, 10.5% in the Eastern Europe. Of total 59,052 all neoplasms (without skin cancers) were reported 10,439 new cases of these three diagnoses in recent Czech Cancer Registry survey, higher by 595 cases than numbers based in Globocan 2008. However, according to these data the Czech males reached the 3rd order and females the 14th order by their cumulative risk of colorectal cancer in the world. The alarming worldwide numbers of new 4.771 milion of these three diagnoses and 3,137 thousands deaths from them, expected in 2030 with a higher risk in population of less developed regions require greater international cooperation and personal responsibility for improving the life-style, which would be failed the expected statistics.

• Klíčová slova
• očekávané počty ve vybraných oblastech světa, věkové zastoupení, nová onemocnění a zemřelí,
• MeSH
• databáze faktografické statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• hodnocení rizik statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• karcinom epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• nádory jícnu epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• nádory žaludku epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• podpora zdraví trendy   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozvojové země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vyspělé země statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The aging of our population represents a most significant demographic change. It represents important challenges and consequences for the nation's economic, social, and health institutions and for the health and well-being of older persons and their families. Old people over 60 are now the most rapidly growing segment of the population and represent 20% of all Slovak inhabitants. Because of the high prevalence of morbidity and disability among the elderly they are the most important consumers of health care and social care services, both extramural and intramural. Long-term care is a relatively closed system of health care and social care services. Initially, long-term care policies were formulated as a response to ageing of the population, which brought about growing needs of elderly people for social care and health care, and was associated with relatively rapid increases of necessary costs. All industrial countries are facing similar problems when it comes to the integration of long-term care. In developed countries, current long-term care focuses on all age groups in need of assistance and support from others due to the limitations caused by their state of health. Long-term care within the public services system does not exist in Slovakia.

• MeSH
• dlouhodobá péče metody   organizace a řízení   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• reforma zdravotní péče ekonomika   metody   trendy   MeSH
• sociální péče ekonomika   trendy   MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• vyspělé země ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní služby pro seniory ekonomika   organizace a řízení   trendy   MeSH