Preventing relapse to drug abuse is one of the struggles faced by clinicians in order to treat patients with substance use disorders (DSM-5). There is a large body of clinical evidence suggesting differential characteristics of the disorder in men and women, which is in line with preclinical findings as well. The aim of this study was to assess differences in relapse-like behavior in methamphetamine (METH) seeking after a period of forced abstinence, which simulates the real clinical situation very well. Findings from such study might add new insights in gender differences in relapse mechanisms to previous studies, which employ a classical drug or cue-induced reinstatement procedure following the extinction training. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in IV self-administration procedure conducted in operant boxes using nose-poke operandi (Coulborn Instruments, USA). Active nose-poke resulted in activation of the infusion pump to deliver one intravenous infusion of METH (0.08 mg/kg). After baseline drug intake was established (maintenance phase), a period of forced abstinence was initiated and rats were kept singly in their home cages for 14 days. Finally, one reinstatement session in operant boxes was conducted. Females were found to self-administer significantly lower dose of METH. The relapse rate was assessed as a number of active nose-pokes during the reinstatement session, expressed as a percentage of active nose-poking during the maintenance phase. Females displayed approximately 300% of active nose-pokes compared to 50% in males. This indicates higher vulnerability to relapse of METH seeking behavior in female rats. This effect was detected in all females, independently of current phase of their estrous cycle. Therefore, this paradigm using operant drug self-administration and reinstatement of drug-seeking after forced abstinence model can be used for preclinical screening for potential new anti-relapse medications specific for women.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Alcohol abuse is associated with menstrual irregularities related to the inhibition of progesterone secretion involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle. Reduced progesterone metabolites, including pregnanolone isomers (PIs), are efficient neuromodulators. The authors attempted to evaluate whether levels of PIs reflect impairment in progesterone biosynthesis in premenopausal women treated for alcohol addiction and whether alcohol detoxification therapy contributes to the restoration of their reproductive functions and psychosomatic stability by influencing steroid biosynthesis. METHODS: Serum allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one; P3alpha5alpha), pregnanolone (P3alpha5beta), isopregnanolone (P3beta5alpha), epipregnanolone (P3beta5beta), progesterone, pregnanolone sulfate (PregS), pregnanolone, and estradiol were measured in 20 women during therapy (at start, three days, 14 days, one month, and four months) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or radioimmunoassay. The results were evaluated by a linear mixed model for longitudinal data, with stage of the treatment and subject as categorical factors, phase of the menstrual cycle as a time-varying covariate, and age of the subject as a covariate and by regression in individual stages of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: During detoxification treatment, progesterone increased in the luteal phase. P3alpha5alpha, P3beta5alpha, and P3beta5beta rose in both phases of the menstrual cycle. DISCUSSION: Given the similar mechanism in the effects of alcohol and steroids in activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors, the restoration of progesterone and PIs during therapy could be explained by an adaptation to increasing requests for gamma-aminobutyric acid A-receptor activating substances owing to the cessation of alcohol intake or by the regeneration of progesterone formation. In conclusion, the reinstatement of progesterone, P3alpha5alpha, and P3beta5beta serum levels demonstrates the favorable effect of detoxification therapy on both reproductive functions and the psychosomatic stability of premenopausal women treated for alcohol addiction.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus farmakoterapie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• estradiol krev   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• menstruační cyklus krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• pregnanolon krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• premenopauza krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• progesteron krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Drug addiction is commonly associated with depression and comorbid patients also suffer from higher cravings and increased relapse rate. To address this issue preclinically we combined the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model of depression and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration procedure in rats to assess differences in relapse-like behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into two groups; in one group the bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) was performed while the other group was sham operated. After recovery, intracardiac catheter was implanted. Intravenous self-administration procedure was conducted in operant boxes using nose-poke operandi (Coulbourn Instruments, Inc., USA) under fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Methamphetamine was available at dose 0.08 mg/kg/infusion. After stable methamphetamine intake was maintained, a period of forced abstinence was initiated and rats were kept in their home-cages for 14 days. Finally, one reinstatement session was conducted in operant boxes with no drug delivery. In the reinstatement session the mean of 138.4 active nose-pokes was performed by the OBX group, while the sham group displayed 41 responses, i.e. 140 % and 48 % of basal nose-poking during maintenance phase in OBX and sham operated group respectively. OBX group also showed significantly more passive nose-pokes indicating hyperactive behavioral traits in bulbectomized rats. However, the % of active operandum preference was equal in both groups. Olfactory bulbectomy model significantly increased reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking behavior. This paradigm can be used to evaluate potential drugs that are able to suppress the drug-seeking behavior.

• MeSH
• autoaplikace MeSH
• bulbus olfactorius patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• chování při shánění drogy fyziologie   MeSH
• depresivní poruchy komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• intravenózní podání MeSH
• methamfetamin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• náhodné rozdělení MeSH
• operantní podmiňování účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním amfetaminu komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• stimulanty centrálního nervového systému aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• zaváděcí katétry MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• validační studie MeSH

There are currently no pharmacological treatments for cocaine use disorder. Recently there has been a great deal of interest in the potential of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin to treat psychiatric disorders. Human studies have indicated that a single administration of psilocybin can have long-lasting effects. Few preclinical studies have examined a role for psilocybin in addiction models. The goal of the current study was to determine whether psilocybin would enhance extinction following cocaine self-administration in male and female mice and rats and thus result in an attenuation of cue-induced drug-seeking. In experiments in mice, 16 female and 19 male mice underwent 8d of cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, mice were injected with vehicle or 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, mice were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. In experiments in rats, 24 female and 23 male rats underwent 15d of cocaine self-administration (0.8 mg/kg/infusion) and extinction training. Immediately following extinction trials, rats were injected with vehicle, 1.0 mg/kg psilocybin, or 2.5 mg/kg psilocybin. Following the conclusion of extinction training, rats were tested for cue-induced reinstatement. Psilocybin administered following extinction trials had no effect, as both female and male mice and rats demonstrated significant cue-induced reinstatement. These data suggest that psilocybin is ineffective at altering cocaine-seeking behavior in the paradigm and doses used in the current study. It remains to be seen whether treatment with psilocybin under different conditions may be useful in the long-standing goal of finding pharmacotherapies to treat CUD.

• MeSH
• autoaplikace * MeSH
• chování při shánění drogy * účinky léků   MeSH
• extinkce (psychologie) * účinky léků   MeSH
• halucinogeny * farmakologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• inhibitory vychytávání dopaminu farmakologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kokain * farmakologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
• myši MeSH
• operantní podmiňování účinky léků   MeSH
• podněty * MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním kokainu farmakoterapie   psychologie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• psilocybin * farmakologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

RATIONALE: Patients who experience seizures, including PNES, are usually advised to discontinue driving, or have their driving privileges revoked until a determined period of seizure-freedom is achieved. In this retrospective study, patients with PNES who requested driving privileges or reported having resumed driving were compared to those who did not on measures of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and cognitive flexibility/motor speed. METHODS: DiagnosisofPNESwasconfirmedwithvideo-EEG.Demographicand clinical dataand requests for reinstatement of driving privileges (requiring 6 or more months seizure freedom) and reports of decisions to resume driving were noted. Tests of motor speed and hand eye coordination and self-report questionnaires of depression, anxiety and PTSD administered as part of neuropsychological assessment were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 403 patients with PNES evaluated in 2010-2020 were identified. Of those, 365 patients were eligible for inclusion, and of those, 60 applied for driving privileges or reported that they resumed driving. When the two groups were compared, the group that applied for driving privileges or decided to resume driving was significantly less depressed (p = 0.001) when tested than the group that did not. Furthermore, a significant difference was seen in measures of motor performance between those who requested to resume driving and those who did not (DKEFS T1, p = 0.006, DKEFS T2, p = 0.001, DKEFS T3, p = 0.002, DKEFS T4, p = 0.001; GPT dominant, p = 0.05, GPT non-dominant, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Driving a motor vehicle is a useful measure of improvement for PNES because patients with seizures are required to discontinue driving until seizure-freedom is achieved. This study revealed that lower levels of depression and better fine motor functioning were associated with reported seizure-freedom and driving resumption. Depression is commonly associated with diminished performance (slower motor response times and impaired fine motor movements) on tests of motor functioning, both of which may result in less interest in pursuing permission to resume driving. These findings suggest that mood symptoms (and associated performance on measures of motor speed and coordination) may have prognostic significance in patients diagnosed with PNES. This also suggests that timely treatment of depression in newly diagnosed patients with PNES may be indicated.

• MeSH
• deprese psychologie   diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• konverzní poruchy psychologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha psychologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• psychosomatické poruchy diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel * psychologie   MeSH
• úzkost psychologie   etiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• záchvaty * psychologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

The reinstatement and revision of abandoned therapeutic ventures of the past has been an integral part of medical research and advancement. In psychiatry, much interest was generated recently by emerging data on the use of faecal supplements for restoring the neurochemical balance in the brain, and on the ingestion of placenta to stabilize neural circuits disrupted by childbirth-related hormonal changes. Herein, we consider the emerging scientific evidence and socio-cultural prerequisites favouring the re-entry of these heterodox customs, which are reminiscent of widespread instinctive behaviours in wildlife, into modern healthcare. We explore their evolutionary background and adaptive significance, and consider mechanisms of therapeutic benefits. Finally, we reflect on emerging opportunities and challenges, which present clues towards better prevention and treatment of major neuropsychiatric disorders.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy terapie   MeSH
• kultura MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek patofyziologie   MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče trendy   MeSH
• psychiatrie trendy   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

This paper provides the first detailed description of a Tetracapsuloides species, Tetracapsuloides vermiformis n. sp., with vermiform stages in the bryozoan host, Fredericella sultana, and its experimental transmission from F. sultana to Cyprinus carpio. The suitability of morphological, biological and 18S rDNA sequence data for discrimination between malacosporean species is reviewed and recommendations are given for future descriptions. Presently, malacosporean species cannot be differentiated morphologically due to their cryptic nature and the lack of differential characters of spores and spore-forming stages in both hosts. We examined biological, morphological and molecular characters for the present description and for revising malacosporean taxonomy in general. As a result, Buddenbrockia plumatellae was split into two species, with its sac-like stages being ascribed to Buddenbrockia bryozoides n. comb. In addition to ribosomal DNA sequences multiple biological features rather than morphological characters are considered essential tools to improve malacosporean taxonomy in the future according to our analysis of the limited traits presently available.

• MeSH
• Bryozoa parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• kapři MeSH
• Myxozoa genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• organismy bez specifických patogenů MeSH
• parazitární nemoci u zvířat parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Příspěvek je věnován účasti golfu na olympijských hrách v letech 1900 a 1904, zároveň se zabývá znovuzařazením golfu na program olympijských her v roce 2016. V historické části se text věnuje průběhu obou golfových turnajů na olympijských hrách, uvádí důležité okolnosti s nimi spojené, které se týkají golfových hřišť, na nichž se hrálo a konkrétních výsledků, jakých hráči dosahovali. V části věnované současnosti je popsán způsob, jakým se golf na program olympijských her v roce 2016 opět vrací a jsou zde analyzovány i důvody, proč byl golf na program her zařazen. Rozebrána jsou i možná úskalí, která jsou s golfovým olympijským turnajem v Rio de Janeiru spojena, ale také pozitiva, která by golfu měla jeho účast na hrách přinést.

The article discusses the golf event at the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games as well as the reinstatement of golf at the Olympic Games in 2016. Historical information about the two past competitions, the players, their results, and about the golf courses involved, is provided. The article also describes the process by which golf is returning to the Games in 2016, stating reasons for its reinstatement, as well as analyzing both challenges and positive effects that the inclusion of golf can have on the Games in Rio de Janeiro. Keywords: golf

• Klíčová slova
• Olympijské hry, turnaj, golfové hřiště, výsledky,
• MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století * MeSH
• dějiny 21. století * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• golf * dějiny   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• profesionalita MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století * MeSH
• dějiny 21. století * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Příliš vehementní realimentace u těžce podživených osob naruší stav adaptace na hladovění a může vyvolat tzv. realimentační syndrom. Tento syndrom zahrnuje těžkou hypofosfatemii, poruchu vodního a minerálního hospodářství a četné další metabolické abnormality. Realimentační syndrom je spojen s orgánovou dysfunkcí (gastrointestinální, kardiální, neurologickou a dalšími) a může být potenciálně smrtelný. Tento přehled rekapituluje patofyziologii, klinický obraz, prevenci a terapii tohoto závažného stavu.

Vigorous nutritional repletion in severely malnourished persons disrupts the adaptative state of semistarvation or starvation and can precipitate so-called refeeding syndrome. It refers to serious hypophosphataemia, fluid and electrolyte dysbalance, abnormal glucose metabolism, thiamine deficiency and several other metabolic abnormalities. Refeeding syndrome is associated with systemic dysfunction (gastrointestinal, cardiac, neurological and others) and can be potentially fatal. This review discusses pathophysiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of this serious condition.

• MeSH
• energetický metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• enterální výživa metody   ošetřování   využití   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolické nemoci etiologie   ošetřování   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů fyziologie   MeSH
• metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• multiorgánové selhání etiologie   mortalita   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• parenterální výživa metody   využití   MeSH
• primární prevence metody   MeSH
• protein-energetická malnutrice komplikace   ošetřování   terapie   MeSH
• realimentační syndrom diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• vitaminy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH