Autoři porovnali na souboru 22 nemocných, indikovaných k radikální prostatektomii, úspěšnost standardní diagnostické procedury a 3D prostorové rekonstrukce ultrasonografie prostaty. Ultrasonografii nezávisle vyhodnotili z 3D záznamu dva lékaři - zkušený a začínající sonografista. Cílem bylo rozlišení mezi lokalizovaným karcinomem prostaty a lokálně pokročilým karcinomem. Kritériem bylo histologické vyšetření prostaty po radikální prostatektomii. Správnost 3D analýzy byla u obou sonografistů vyšší (88 % respektive 66 %) než u standardního vyšetření (59 %). Senzitivita 3D sonografie byla 82 % (resp. 66 %), specificita 100 % (resp. 57 %). 3D transrektální sonografie tak umožňuje zkrácení nepříjemného vyšetření pro nemocné se zvýšením výpovědní hodnoty ultrasonografie, i když stále není senzitivita a specificita vyšetření ideální.

The authors compared the effectiveness of standard diagnostic procedure and 3D reconstruction of ultrasonography in a group of 22 patients. The ultrasonography was independently evaluated from the record by two physicians - an expert and a sonographist in training. The aim was the differentiation between localized and locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. The criterion was the histological examination of the prostate after radical prostatectomy. The 3D analysis was more successful in both sonographists (88% resp. 66%) than standard procedure (59%). The sensitivity of 3D sonography was 82 (resp. 66%), the specificity was 100% (resp. 57%). 3D transrectal sonography thus enables shortening of unpleasant investigation for the patient with higher diagnostic value of sonography, although the specificity and sensitivity is still not optimal.

• MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Carcinoma surgery   classification   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Prostatic Neoplasms surgery   classification   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Prostatectomy MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging MeSH
• Ultrasonography methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

BACKGROUND: Coronary atherosclerosis progresses faster in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and causes higher morbidity and mortality in such patients compared to non-diabetics ones (non-DM). We quantify changes in plaque volume and plaque phenotype during lipid-lowering therapy in DM versus non-DM patients using advanced intracoronary imaging. METHODS: We analyzed data from 61 patients with stable angina pectoris included to the PREDICT trial searching for prediction of plaque changes during intensive lipid-lowering therapy (40 mg rosuvastatin daily). Geometrically correct, fully 3-D representation of the vascular wall surfaces and intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) defined tissue characterization was obtained via fusion of two-plane angiography and IVUS-VH. Frame-based indices of plaque morphology and virtual histology analyses were computed and averaged in 5 mm long baseline/follow-up registered vessel segments covering the entire length of the two sequential pullbacks (baseline, 1-year). We analyzed 698 5-mm-long segments and calculated the Liverpool active plaque score (LAPS). RESULTS: Despite reaching similar levels of LDL cholesterol (DM 2.12 ± 0.91 mmol/l, non-DM 1.8 ± 0.66 mmol/l, p = 0.21), DM patients experienced, compared to non-DM ones, higher progression of mean plaque area (0.47 ± 1.15 mm2 vs. 0.21 ± 0.97, p = 0.001), percent atheroma volume (0.7 ± 2.8% vs. - 1.4 ± 2.5%, p = 0.007), increase of LAPS (0.23 ± 1.66 vs. 0.13 ± 1.79, p = 0.018), and exhibited more locations with TCFA (Thin-Cap Fibro-Atheroma) plaque phenotype in 5 mm vessel segments (20.3% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.01). However, only non-DM patients reached significant decrease of LDL cholesterol. Plaque changes were more pronounced in PIT (pathologic intimal thickening) compared to TCFA with increased plaque area in both phenotypes in DM patients. CONCLUSION: Based on detailed 3D analysis, we found advanced plaque phenotype and further atherosclerosis progression in DM patients despite the same reached levels of LDLc as in non-DM patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01773512.

• MeSH
• Plaque, Atherosclerotic * MeSH
• Biomarkers blood   MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Diabetic Angiopathies diagnostic imaging   drug therapy   pathology   MeSH
• Fibrosis MeSH
• Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted * MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Interventional * MeSH
• Coronary Angiography MeSH
• Coronary Vessels diagnostic imaging   drug effects   pathology   MeSH
• Cholesterol, LDL blood   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Coronary Artery Disease diagnostic imaging   drug therapy   pathology   MeSH
• Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
• Disease Progression MeSH
• Rosuvastatin Calcium adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors adverse effects   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Clinical Trial MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH

• MeSH
• Histology MeSH
• Publication type
• Atlas MeSH

• Conspectus
• Anatomie člověka a srovnávací anatomie
• NML Fields
• histologie

Na začiatku 21. storočia je natívna mamografia najefektívnejšou metódou pri diagnostike karcinómu prsníka. Hodnoty senzitivity sa v literatúre pohybujú v širokých intervaloch. V našej štúdii v Národnom onkologickom ústave Bratislava sme štatisticky zistili koreláciu výsledkov natívnej mamografie a histológie karcinómu prsníka do 10 mm u 330 žien. Senzitivita natívnej mamografie pri karcinóme prsníka do 10 mm bola 79%, TIS do 10 mm 60%, pT1aN0M0 81% a pT1aN1M0 87%. Natívna mamografia pri karcinóme prsníka do 10 mm mala celkovo 21 % falošne negatívnych výsledkov. Záver tejto štúdie odporúča vykonávať komplexnú diagnostiku karcinómu prsníka, nielen vyšetrenie natívnou mamografiou, ale aj klinické vyšetrenie, ultrasonografické a iné zobrazovacie metódy.

Still at the beginning of the 21st century, mammography remains the most effective diagnostic method for early detection of breast cancer. Sensitivity values reported in literature on the subject vary within a wide range. The study carried out in the National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, showed statistic correlation between mammography and histology results for breast carcinomas up to 10 mm in size in 330 women. The rate of sensitivity of mammography was 79 % for breast carcinomas up to 10 mm in size, 60 % for carcinomas in situ up to 10 mm in size, 81 % for pT1aN0M0, and 87 % for pT1aN1M0. The false negative results rate for mammography in breast carcinomas up to 10 mm in size was 21%. In conclusion, the study recommends comprehensive diagnosis of breast cancer, also involving clinical examination, ultrasonography and other diagnostic methods in addition to mammography.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mammography utilization   MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms diagnosis   radiography   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Breast Self-Examination utilization   MeSH
• Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Mammary utilization   MeSH
• Women MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cílem studie bylo stanovit úlohu vyšetření power Dopplerem při iniciální diagnostice karcinomu prostaty, při posouzení extraprostatické invaze, při hodnocení velikosti nádoru a při hodnocení buněčné diferenciace pomocí stupně vaskularizace nádoru. Bylo vyšetřeno 87 pacientů s hypoechogenním ložiskem v oblasti periferie prostaty. Vyšetření power Dopplerem bylo v případě lokalizovaných karcinomů srovnáno s histologickým výsledkem sextantových biopsii a radikálních prostatektomií. Stupeň vaskularizace byl kvantifikován pomocí indexu vaskularizace 1-3. U 21 pacientů, kteří podstoupili radikální prostatektomií, byla prospektivně vyhodnocena extraprostatická invaze nádoru. Vyšetření power Dopplerem má při diagnostice karcinomu prostaty senzitivitu 98,1 % a specificitu 77,1 %. Pro prevalenci onemocnění 0,4 - 0,9 je pozitivní prediktivní hodnota vyšetření 86,4 - 74 % a negativní prediktivní hodnota 96,4 - 98,4 % (p = 0,02). U lokálně pokročilých nádorů bylo zjištěno. že nádorová vaskularizace přesahuje okraje hypoechogenního ložiska a cílená biopsie pomocí power Doppleru umožňuje přesnější stanovení velikosti nádoru. U lokalizovaných nádorů byla přítomnost centrální anomální vaskularizace často spojena s efektem expanzivního procesu. Kvalitativně byly odlišeny 3 typy vaskularizace: A, B a C, u kterých byla prospektivně zjištěna pravděpodobnost extraprostatické invaze. V osmi případech typu A (centrální vaskularizace nádoru a pravidelná avaskulámí prostatická kapsula) nebyla extraprostatická invaze zjištěna u 7 pacientů (12,5% riziko invaze). V osmi případech typu C (bohatá nádorová vaskularizace, zasahující do periferie a ztenčující nebo penetrující prostatickou kapsulu) byla invaze zjištěna u 6 pacientů (75% riziko invaze). Index vaskularizace roven novým skóre rovným nebo větším než 7 a u 6 ze 17 pacientů s Gleasonovým skóre nižším než 7 (R = 0,283, p = 0,033).

The objective of the study was to determine the role of Power Doppler for initial diagnosis of prostate cancer, for extraprostatic invasion assessment, for tumour size determination and for evaluation of the cellular differentiation using the tumour vascularization index. A total of 87 patients with a hypoechogenous structure in the area of the posterior prostate periphery were examined. In the case of localized cancers, Power Doppler results were compared with the histological findings of sextant biopsy and radical prostatectomy. The vascularization rate was quantified using a vascularization index of 1 to 3. The prospective evaluation of extraprostatic invasion of the tumour was stated for 21 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Power Doppler has a 98.1% sensitivity and a 77.1% specificity in respect of the diagnosis of a prostate cancer. For disease prevalence of 0.4 to 0.9, the examination's positive predictive value is 86.4 to 74% and the negative predictive value is 96.4 to 98.4% (p = 0.02). It was ascertained that in locally advanced tumours, tumour vascularization exceeded the borders of the hypoechogenous structure and biopsy using Power Doppler facilitated a more precise determination of the tumours size. In respect of localized tumours, the presence of central abnormal vascularization was often associated with the mass effect. Three qualitative types of vascularization were differentiated: A, B, and C, where probability of extraprostatic invasion was prospectively determined. In 8 type A cases (central vascularization of the tumour and a regular avascular prostatic capsule) no extraprostatic invasion was ascertained in 7 patients (a 12.5% invasion risk). In 8 type C cases (ample tumour vascularization affecting the periphery and attenuating or penetrating the prostatic capsule). invasion was ascertained in 6 patients (a 75% invasion risk). A vascularization index equal to or higher than 3 was found in 20 patients out of 40 with Gleason's score equal to or higher than 7, and in 6 patients out of 17 with Gleason's score below 7 (R = 0.283, p = 0.033).

• MeSH
• Cell Differentiation MeSH
• Neoplasm Invasiveness MeSH
• Carcinoma diagnosis   pathology   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Prostatic Neoplasms complications   pathology   ultrasonography   MeSH
• Neovascularization, Pathologic MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Doppler methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

In the last decade, organoids became a tremendously popular technique in developmental and cancer biology for their high pathophysiological relevance to in vivo models with the advantage of easier manipulation, real-time observation, potential for high-throughput studies, and reduced ethical issues. Among other fundamental biological questions, mammary organoids have helped to reveal mechanisms of mammary epithelial morphogenesis, mammary stem cell potential, regulation of lineage specification, mechanisms of breast cancer invasion or resistance to therapy, and their regulation by stromal microenvironment. To exploit the potential of organoid technology to the fullest, together with optimal organoid culture protocols, visualization of organoid architecture and composition in high resolution in three dimensions (3D) is required. Whole-mount imaging of immunolabeled organoids enables preservation of the 3D cellular context, but conventional confocal microscopy of organoid cultures struggles with the large organoid sample size and relatively long distance from the objective to the organoid due to the 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the organoid. We have overcome these issues by physical separation of single organoids with their immediate stroma from the bulk ECM. Here we provide a detail protocol for the procedure, which entails single organoid collection and droplet-based staining and clearing to allow visualization of organoids in the greatest detail.

• MeSH
• Staining and Labeling MeSH
• Microscopy, Confocal MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Organoids * MeSH
• Breast MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Detailed knowledge of histomorphology is a prerequisite for the understanding of function, variation, and development. In bats, as in other mammals, penis and baculum morphology are important in species discrimination and phylogenetic studies. In this study, nondestructive 3D-microtomographic (microCT, µCT) images of bacula and iodine-stained penes of Pipistrellus pipistrellus were correlated with light microscopic images from undecalcified surface-stained ground sections of three of these penes of P. pipistrellus (1 juvenile). The results were then compared with µCT-images of bacula of P. pygmaeus, P. hanaki, and P. nathusii. The Y-shaped baculum in all studied Pipistrellus species has a proximal base with two club-shaped branches, a long slender shaft, and a forked distal tip. The branches contain a medullary cavity of variable size, which tapers into a central canal of variable length in the proximal baculum shaft. Both are surrounded by a lamellar and a woven bone layer and contain fatty marrow and blood vessels. The distal shaft consists of woven bone only, without a vascular canal. The proximal ends of the branches are connected with the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa via entheses. In the penis shaft, the corpus spongiosum-surrounded urethra lies in a ventral grove of the corpora cavernosa, and continues in the glans under the baculum. The glans penis predominantly comprises an enlarged corpus spongiosum, which surrounds urethra and baculum. In the 12 studied juvenile and subadult P. pipistrellus specimens the proximal branches of the baculum were shorter and without marrow cavity, while shaft and distal tip appeared already fully developed. The present combination with light microscopic images from one species enabled a more reliable interpretation of histomorphological structures in the µCT-images from all four Pipistrellus species.

• MeSH
• Chiroptera anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Histological Techniques MeSH
• Penis anatomy & histology   radiography   MeSH
• X-Ray Microtomography methods   MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Validation Study MeSH

The general microscopic characteristics of nerves are described in several textbooks of histology, but the specific microanatomies of most nerves that can be blocked by anesthesiologists are usually less well known. Our objective was to evaluate the 3D reconstruction of nerve fascicles from optical projection tomography images (OPT) and the ability to undertake an internal navigation exploring the morphology in detail, more specifically the fascicular interconnections. Median and lingual nerve samples were obtained from five euthanized piglets. OPT images of the samples were acquired and 3D reconstruction was performed. The OPT technique revealed the inner structure of the nerves at high resolution, including large and small fascicles, perineurium, interfascicular tissue, and epineurium. The fascicles were loosely packed inside the median nerve and more densely so in the lingual nerve. Analysis of the 3D models demonstrated that the nerve fascicles can show six general spatial patterns. Fascicular interconnections were clearly identified. The 3D reconstruction of nerve fascicles from OPT images opens a new path for research into the microstructure of the inner contents of fascicular nerve groups and their spatial disposition within the nerve including their interconnections. These techniques enable 3D images of partial areas of nerves to be produced and could became an excellent tool for obtaining data concerning the 3D microanatomy of nerves, essential for better interpretation of ultrasound images in clinical practice and thus avoiding possible neurological complications. Clin. Anat. 31:424-431, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Tomography, Optical MeSH
• Peripheral Nerves diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Evaluation Study MeSH

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Pathologic intimal thickening (PIT) has been considered a benign plaque phenotype. We report plaque phenotypic changes in a baseline/follow-up intravascular ultrasound-based virtual histology study. METHODS: A total of 61 patients with stable coronary artery disease were analyzed from the HEAVEN trial (89 patients randomized between routine statin therapy vs atorvastatin 80mg and ezetimibe 10mg) with serial intravascular ultrasound imaging of nonculprit vessels. We compared changes in 693 baseline and follow-up 5-mm long segments in a novel risk score, Liverpool Active Plaque Score (LAPS), plaque parameters, and plaque composition. RESULTS: The PIT showed the highest increase of risk score and, with fibrous plaque, also the LAPS. Necrotic core (NC) abutting to the lumen increased in PIT (22 ± 51.7; P = .0001) and in fibrous plaque (17.9 ± 42.6; P = .004) but decreased in thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (⿿15.14 ± 52.2; P = .001). The PIT was the most likely of all nonthin cap fibroatheroma plaque types to transform into TCFA at follow-up (11% of all TCFA found during follow-up and 35.9% of newly-developed TCFA), but showed (together with fibrous plaque) the lowest stability during lipid-lowering therapy (24.7% of PIT remained PIT and 24.5% of fibrous plaque remained fibrous plaque). CONCLUSIONS: Over the 1-year follow-up, PIT was the most dynamic of the plaque phenotypes and was associated with an increase of risk score and LAPS (together with fibrous plaque), NC percentage (together with fibrous plaque) and NC abutting to the lumen, despite a small reduction of plaque volume during lipid-lowering therapy. The PIT was the main source for new TCFA segments.

• MeSH
• Anticholesteremic Agents administration & dosage   MeSH
• Plaque, Atherosclerotic blood   diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• Atorvastatin administration & dosage   MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Ezetimibe administration & dosage   MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Interventional methods   MeSH
• Drug Therapy, Combination MeSH
• Coronary Vessels diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Cholesterol, LDL blood   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Coronary Artery Disease blood   diagnosis   drug therapy   MeSH
• Disease Progression MeSH
• Severity of Illness Index MeSH
• User-Computer Interface * MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH

Migration of parasitic worms through the host tissues, which may occasionally result in fatal damage to the internal organs, represents one of the major risks associated with helminthoses. In order to track the parasites, traditionally used 2D imaging techniques such as histology or squash preparation do not always provide sufficient data to describe worm location/behavior in the host. On the other hand, 3D imaging methods are widely used in cell biology, medical radiology, osteology or cancer research, but their use in parasitological research is currently occasional. Thus, we aimed at the evaluation of suitability of selected 3D methods to monitor migration of the neuropathogenic avian schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti in extracted spinal cord of experimental vertebrate hosts. All investigated methods, two of them based on tracking of fluorescently stained larvae with or without previous chemical clearing of tissue and one based on X-ray micro-CT, exhibit certain limits for in vivo observation. Nevertheless, our study shows that the tested methods as ultramicroscopy (used for the first time in parasitology) and micro-CT represent promising tool for precise analyzing of parasite larvae in the CNS. Synthesis of these 3D imaging techniques can provide more comprehensive look at the course of infection, host immune response and pathology caused by migrating parasites within entire tissue samples, which would not be possible with traditional approaches.

• MeSH
• Trematode Infections veterinary   MeSH
• Larva MeSH
• Animal Diseases diagnosis   parasitology   MeSH
• Vertebrates MeSH
• Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections veterinary   MeSH
• Schistosomatidae * MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH