Capillary regression
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- MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- thyreostatika chemie moč MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Recent evidence suggests that energy metabolism contributes to molecular mechanisms controlling stem cell identity. For example, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) receive their metabolic energy mostly via glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This suggests a connection of metabolic homeostasis to stemness. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an important cellular redox carrier and a cofactor for various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Therefore, accurate determination of NAD cellular levels and dynamics is of growing importance for understanding the physiology of stem cells. Conventional analytic methods for the determination of metabolite levels rely on linear calibration curves. However, in actual practice many two-enzyme cycling assays, such as the assay systems used in this work, display prominently nonlinear behavior. Here we present a diaphorase/lactate dehydrogenase NAD cycling assay optimized for hESCs, together with a mechanism-based, nonlinear regression models for the determination of NAD(+), NADH, and total NAD. We also present experimental data on metabolic homeostasis of hESC under various physiological conditions. We show that NAD(+)/NADH ratio varies considerably with time in culture after routine change of medium, while the total NAD content undergoes relatively minor changes. In addition, we show that the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, as well as the total NAD levels, vary between stem cells and their differentiated counterparts. Importantly, the NAD(+)/NADH ratio was found to be substantially higher in hESC-derived fibroblasts versus hESCs. Overall, our nonlinear mathematical model is applicable to other enzymatic amplification systems.
- MeSH
- buněčné extrakty MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
- embryonální kmenové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- NAD metabolismus MeSH
- nelineární dynamika * MeSH
- oxaziny metabolismus MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In this study, affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined to investigate non-covalent binding interactions between the hexaarylbenzene-based receptor (R) and alkali metal ions, Rb(+) and Cs(+) , in methanol. The apparent binding (stability) constants (K(b) ) of the complexes of receptor R with alkali metal ions in the methanolic medium were determined by ACE from the dependence of effective electrophoretic mobility of the receptor R on the concentration of Rb(+) and Cs(+) ions in the BGE using a non-linear regression analysis. The receptor R formed relatively strong complexes both with rubidium (log K(b) =4.04±0.21) and cesium ions (log K(b) =3.72±0.22). The structural characteristics of the above alkali metal ion complexes with the receptor R were described by ab initio density functional theory calculations. These calculations have shown that the studied cations bind to the receptor R because they synergistically interact with the polar ethereal fence and with the central benzene ring via cation-π interaction.
The partial-filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (pf-ACE) works with a ligand present in a background electrolyte that forms a weak complex with an analyte. In contrast to a more popular mobility-shift affinity capillary electrophoresis, only a short plug of the ligand is introduced into a capillary in the pf-ACE. Both methods can serve for determining apparent stability constants of the formed complexes but this task is hindered in the pf-ACE by the fact that the analyte spends only a part of its migration time in a contact with the ligand. In 1998, Amini and Westerlund published a linearization strategy that allows for extracting an effective mobility of an analyte in the presence of a neutral ligand out of the pf-ACE data. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the original formula is only approximate. We derive a new formula and demonstrate its applicability by means of computer simulations. We further inspect several strategies of data processing in the pf-ACE regarding a risk of an error propagation. This establishes a good practice of determining apparent stability constants of analyte-ligand complexes by means of the pf-ACE.
A new capillary electrophoretic (CE) method has been developed for analysis of 10 selected derivatives of pterin that can occur in the integument (cuticle) of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera), specifically L-sepiapterin, 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin, 6-biopterin, D-neopterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin, leucopterin, xanthopterin, erythropterin and pterin-6-carboxylic acid. Pterin derivatives are responsible for the characteristic warning coloration of some Heteroptera and other insects, signaling noxiousness or unpalatability and are used to discourage potential predators from attacking. Regression analysis defining the parameters significantly affecting CE separation was used to optimize the system (the background electrolyte (BGE) composition, pH value and applied voltage). The optimized separation conditions were as follows: BGE with composition 2 mmol L(-1) the disodium salt of ethylendiamintetraacetic acid, 100 mmol L(-1) tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 100 mmol L(-1) boric acid, pH 9.0, applied voltage 20 kV and UV detection at 250 nm. Under these conditions, all the 10 studied derivatives of pterin were baseline separated within 22 min. The optimized method was validated from the viewpoint of linearity (R(2)≥0.9980), accuracy (relative error ≤7.90%), precision (for repeatability RSD≤6.65%), detection limit (LOD in the range 0.04-0.99 μg mL(-1)) and limit of quantitation (LOQ in the range 0.13-3.30 μg mL(-1)). The developed method was used for identification and determination of the contents of pterin derivatives in adults of four species of Heteroptera (Eurydema ornata cream color morph, Scantius aegyptius, Pyrrhocoris apterus and Corizus hyoscyami) and their distribution in the individual species was determined.
- MeSH
- barva MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- Heteroptera chemie MeSH
- pteriny analýza izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V práci byly studovány podmínky pro izotachoforetickou analýzu indometacinu za účelem aplikace metody na analýzu léčivých přípravků s obsahem indometacinu. Jsou uvedeny parametry operačního elektrolytového systému, proudový a časový režim analýzy, základní izotachoforetické charakteristiky léčiva a parametry regresní rovnice kidibracni závislosti. Izotachoforeticky byl stanoven obsah indometacinu ve farmaceutických přípravcích ve formě tobolek, gelu a čípků. Výsledky ITP stanovení jsou v dobré shodě s výsledky analýz pomocí standardních lékopisných metod.
The present paper studies the conditions of isotachophoretic analysis of indomethacin for the application of the method to the analysis of indomethacin-containing dosage forms, listing the parameters of the operational electrolytic system, current and time regime of analysis, principal isotachophoretic characteristics of the drug, and the parameters of the regression equation of calibration dependence. Indomethacin content was determined isotachophoretically in pharmaceutical preparations in the form of capsules, gel and suppositories. The results of ITP determinations are in good aggreement with the results of analyses by means of the standard pharmacopoeial methods.
This chapter deals with the application of affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) to investigation of noncovalent interactions (complexes) of valinomycin, a macrocyclic dodecadepsipeptide antibiotic ionophore, with ammonium and alkali metal ions (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium). The strength of these interactions was characterized by the apparent binding (stability, association) constants (K b) of the above valinomycin complexes using the mobility shift assay mode of ACE. The study involved measurements of effective electrophoretic mobility of valinomycin at variable concentrations of ammonium or alkali metal ions in the background electrolyte (BGE). The effective electrophoretic mobilities of valinomycin measured at ambient temperature and variable ionic strength were first corrected to the reference temperature 25 °C and constant ionic strength (10 or 25 mM). Then, from the dependence of the corrected valinomycin effective mobility on the ammonium or alkali metal ion concentration in the BGE, the apparent binding constants of the valinomycin-ammonium or valinomycin-alkali metal ion complexes were determined using a nonlinear regression analysis. Logarithmic form of the binding constants (log K b) were found to be in the range of 1.50-4.63, decreasing in the order Rb(+) > K(+) > Cs(+) > > Na(+) > NH4 (+) ~ Li(+).
A novel procedure for the determination of stability constants in systems with neutral analytes and charged complexation agents by affinity capillary electrophoresis was established. This procedure involves all necessary corrections to achieve precise and reliable data. Temperature, ionic strength, and viscosity corrections were applied. Based on the conductivity measurements, the average temperature of the background electrolyte in the capillary was kept at the constant value of 25°C by decreasing the temperature of the cooling medium. The viscosity correction was performed using the viscosity ratio determined by an external viscosimeter. The electrophoretical measurements were performed, at first, at constant ionic strength. In this case, the increase of ionic strength caused by increasing complexation agent concentration was compensated by changing of the running buffer concentration. Subsequently the dependence of the analyte effective mobility on the complexation agent concentration was measured without the ionic strength compensation (at variable ionic strength). The new procedure for determination of the stability constants even from such data was established. These stability constants are in a very good agreement with those obtained at the constant ionic strength. The established procedure was applied for determination of the thermodynamic stability constants of (R, R)-(+)- and (S, S)-(-)-hydrobenzoin and R- and S-(3-bromo-2-methylpropan-1-ol) complexing with 6-monodeoxy-6-mono(3-hydroxy)propylamino-β-cyclodextrin hydrochloride.
We discuss several possible phenomena in electrophoretic systems with complexing agents present in the background electrolyte. In our previous work, we extended the linear theory of electromigration with the first-order nonlinear term, which originally applied to acid-base equilibria only, by generalizing it to any fast chemical equilibria. This extension provides us with a fresh insight into the well-established technique of elecktrokinetic chromatography (EKC). We combine mathematical analysis of the generalized model with its solution by means of the new version of our software PeakMaster 6, and experimental data. We re-examine the fundamental equations by Wren and Rowe and Tiselius in the frame of the generalized linear theory of electromigration. Besides, we show that selector concentration can increase inside the interacting-analyte zone due to its complexation with the analyte, which contradicts the generally accepted idea of a consumption of a portion of the selector inside the zone. Next, we focus our discussion on interacting buffers (i.e., buffer constituents that form a complex with the selector). We demonstrate how such side-interaction of the selector with another buffer constituent can influence measuring analyte-selector interactions. Finally, we describe occurrence and mobilities of system peaks in these EKC systems. We investigate systems with fully charged analytes and neutral cyclodextrins as selectors. Although the theory is not limited in terms of the charge and/or the degree of (de)protonation of any constituent, this setup allows us to find analytical solutions to generalized model under approximate, yet realistic, conditions and to demonstrate all important phenomena that may occur in EKC systems. An occurrence of system peaks in a system with fully charged selector is also investigated.
