Removal of selected metals from municipal wastewater using a constructed wetland with a horizontal subsurface flow was studied. The objective of the work was to determine the efficiency of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Sr, Li, and Rb removal, and to describe the main removal mechanisms. The highest removal efficiencies were attained for zinc and copper (89.8 and 81.5%, respectively). It is apparently due to the precipitation of insoluble sulfides (ZnS, CuS) in the vegetation bed where the sulfate reduction takes place. Significantly lower removal efficiencies (43.9, 27.7, and 21.5%) were observed for Li, Sr, and Rb, respectively. Rather, low removal efficiencies were also attained for Ni and Co (39.8 and 20.9%). However, the concentrations of these metals in treated water were significantly lower compared to Cu and Zn (e.g., 2.8 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.3 μg/l for Ni at the inflow and outflow from the wetland compared to 27.6 ± 12.0 and 5.1 ± 4.7 μg/l obtained for Cu, respectively). The main perspective of the constructed wetland is the removal of toxic heavy metals forming insoluble compounds depositing in the wetland bed. Metal uptake occurs preferentially in wetland sediments and is closely associated with the chemism of sulfur and iron.
- MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Cobalt chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Lithium chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Copper chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Wetlands * MeSH
- Nickel chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Wastewater chemistry MeSH
- Rubidium chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Strontium chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Zinc chemistry isolation & purification MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
In this study, affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) calculations were combined to investigate non-covalent binding interactions between the hexaarylbenzene-based receptor (R) and alkali metal ions, Rb(+) and Cs(+) , in methanol. The apparent binding (stability) constants (K(b) ) of the complexes of receptor R with alkali metal ions in the methanolic medium were determined by ACE from the dependence of effective electrophoretic mobility of the receptor R on the concentration of Rb(+) and Cs(+) ions in the BGE using a non-linear regression analysis. The receptor R formed relatively strong complexes both with rubidium (log K(b) =4.04±0.21) and cesium ions (log K(b) =3.72±0.22). The structural characteristics of the above alkali metal ion complexes with the receptor R were described by ab initio density functional theory calculations. These calculations have shown that the studied cations bind to the receptor R because they synergistically interact with the polar ethereal fence and with the central benzene ring via cation-π interaction.
The physiological role of Candida albicans Cnh1, a member of the Na+/H+ antiporter family, was characterized. Though CaCnh1p had broad substrate specificity and mediated efflux of at least four alkali metal cations upon heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its presence in C. albicans cells was important especially for potassium homeostasis. In C. albicans, CaCnh1p tagged with GFP was localized in the plasma membrane of cells growing as both yeasts and hyphae. Deletion of CNH1 alleles did not affect tolerance to NaCl, LiCl or CsCl, but resulted in increased sensitivity to high external concentrations of KCl and RbCl. The potassium and rubidium tolerance of a cnh1 homozygous mutant was fully restored by reintegration of CNH1 into the genome. The higher sensitivity of the cnh1/cnh1 mutant to external KCl was caused by a lower K+ efflux from these cells. Together, the functional characterization of the CaCnh1 antiporter in C. albicans revealed that this antiporter plays a significant role in C. albicans physiology. It ensures potassium and rubidium tolerance and participates in the regulation of intracellular potassium content of C. albicans cells.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Cell Membrane chemistry MeSH
- Candida albicans metabolism MeSH
- Cesium pharmacology MeSH
- Potassium Chloride pharmacology MeSH
- Lithium Chloride pharmacology MeSH
- Sodium Chloride pharmacology MeSH
- Chlorides pharmacology MeSH
- Gene Deletion MeSH
- Potassium metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Fungal MeSH
- Fungal Proteins analysis genetics metabolism MeSH
- Homeostasis MeSH
- Hyphae chemistry MeSH
- Cloning, Molecular MeSH
- Yeasts chemistry MeSH
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers analysis genetics metabolism MeSH
- Rubidium pharmacology MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics metabolism MeSH
- Substrate Specificity MeSH
- Genetic Complementation Test MeSH
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Potassium metabolism MeSH
- Erythrocyte Membrane metabolism MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Hyperglycemia metabolism MeSH
- Hypertension metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lithium pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Rubidium metabolism MeSH
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
The possible association of plasma lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) with erythrocyte Na+ content (Na+i) and/or with alterations in red cell Na+ and K+ (Rb+) transport was studied in a population of F2 hybrids obtained by crossing hypertensive Prague hereditary hypertriglyceridaemic (HTG) rats with normotensive Lewis rats. The obtained data indicated a strong cosegregation (p < 0.001) of plasma triglycerides with erythrocyte Na+ content. This was the cause for the close correlation of plasma triglycerides with the Na(+)-K+ pump activity (measured as ouabain-sensitive Na+ extrusion). On the contrary, there was only marginal association (p < 0.05) of erythrocyte Na+ content with plasma cholesterol which was significantly (p < 0.01) related to burnetanide-sensitive Rb+ uptake mediated by the Na(+)-K+ cotransport system. Na+ leak (bumetanide-resistant net Na+ uptake) correlated positively with blood pressure in female but not in male F2 rats. The close association between plasma triglycerides and erythrocyte Na+ content suggests that ion transport alterations might contribute to mechanisms responsible for the cosegregation of blood pressure with plasma triglycerides in HTG x Lewis F2 hybrids.
- MeSH
- Cholesterol blood MeSH
- Erythrocytes * metabolism MeSH
- Rats, Inbred Strains MeSH
- Crosses, Genetic MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Rats, Inbred Lew MeSH
- Rubidium diagnostic use blood MeSH
- Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters MeSH
- Sodium * blood MeSH
- Carrier Proteins metabolism MeSH
- Triglycerides * blood MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Red blood cell Na+ content as well as ouabain-resistant Na+ and Rb+ (K+) transport (susceptible or resistant to inhibition by loop diuretics) were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Brown Norway (BN) rats the erythrocytes of which were incubated in either saline or Mg(2+)-sucrose medium. Elevated ouabain-resistant Na+ net uptake contrasted with slightly decreased red blood cell Na+ content in SHR compared with BN rats. Acceleration of furosemide- and bumetanide-sensitive Na+ fluxes contributed to enhanced ouabain-resistant Na+ influx into SHR erythrocytes in saline medium, whereas higher furosemide- or bumetanide-resistant Na+ efflux caused greater ouabain-resistant Na+ efflux in Mg(2+)-sucrose medium. Furosemide- and bumetanide-resistant Rb+ leaks were augmented in SHR erythrocytes. The association of the disclosed ion transport alterations with blood pressure was examined in 20 recombinant inbred strains derived from F2 SHR x BN hybrids. Ouabain-resistant Na+ uptake as well as furosemide- and bumetanide-resistant Na+ inward leaks (but not red blood cell Na+ content or furosemide- and bumetanide-sensitive Na+ net uptake) cosegregated with systolic and pulse pressures but not diastolic pressure of the recombinant inbred strains. In contrast, neither ouabain-resistant Na+ efflux nor any component of ouabain-resistant Rb+ uptake correlated positively with blood pressure of the recombinant inbred strains. Increased ouabain-resistant Na+ influx was compensated for by accelerated ouabain-sensitive Na+ extrusion because red blood cell Na+ content was not elevated in the hypertensive strains. Thus, high cell Na+ turnover rates might be related to genetic hypertension if an altered Na+ inward leak would be less effectively compensated for in tissues involved in cardiovascular regulation.
- MeSH
- Analysis of Variance MeSH
- Biological Transport MeSH
- Bumetanide pharmacology MeSH
- Potassium pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Erythrocytes * metabolism MeSH
- Furosemide pharmacology MeSH
- Genetic Markers MeSH
- Hybridization, Genetic MeSH
- Hypertension * physiopathology MeSH
- Blood Pressure genetics drug effects MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Ouabain pharmacology MeSH
- Rats, Inbred BN MeSH
- Rats, Inbred SHR MeSH
- Rubidium pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Sodium * pharmacokinetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Adenoma chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hyperthyroidism metabolism MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Thyroid Diseases metabolism pathology MeSH
- Carcinoma, Papillary chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Rubidium analysis MeSH
- Selenium analysis MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Thyroid Gland chemistry metabolism pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
