Detergent removal Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
A combined process of the upflow multimedium biological aerated filter (UMBAF) and the multimedia biological aerated filter (MBAF) treating detergent wastewater was investigated in this study. Results showed that the optimal filtration rate of the combined system was 1.4 m/hr while the optimized performance was observed at air to water ratio of 2:1. The average removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), linear alkyl benzene sulfonate sodium (LAS), and total phosphate (TP) was up to 91.4%, 88.5%, and 40%, respectively, while the average effluent concentrations of COD, LAS, and TP under stable operation states were 35.0 mg/L, 7.0 mg/L, and 4.4 mg/L, respectively. UMBAF played a major role in TP removal; the removal of COD in the combined UMBAF and MBAF process was consistent with the general formula C = C0 e -(ah + b) , while the kinetic model of LAS removal in the combined UMBAF and MBAF process could be expressed by L = L0 e-(mh + n) . The combined UMBAF-MBAF process provides a promising technology for the treatment of detergent wastewater. The kinetic model of LAS removal in the UMBAF and MBAF units is helpful for the prediction of the treatment efficiency of organic pollutants. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A novel UMBAF-MBAF process was developed treating detergent wastewater. The average removal rate of COD, LAS, and TP by the combined process was up to 91.4%, 88.5%, and 40%, respectively. Kinetic models for the UMBAF-MBAF process were investigated.
OBJECTIVE: Antineoplastic drugs (ADs) pose risks to healthcare staff. Surface disinfectants are used in hospitals to prevent microbial contamination but the efficiency of disinfectants to degrade ADs is not known. We studied nine disinfectants on ten ADs in the standardized laboratory and realistic in situ hospital conditions. METHODS: A survey in 43 hospitals prioritized nine most commonly used disinfections based on different ingredients. These were tested on inert stainless steel and in situ on contaminated hospital flooring. The effects against ten ADs were studied by LC-MS/MS (Cyclophosphamide CP; Ifosfamide IF; Capecitabine CAP; Sunitinib SUN; Methotrexate MET; Doxorubicin DOX; Irinotecan IRI; Paclitaxel PX; 5-Fluorouracil FU) and ICP-MS (Pt as a marker of platinum-based ADs). RESULTS: Monitoring of the floor contamination in 26 hospitals showed that the most contaminated are the outpatient clinics that suffer from a large turnover of staff and patients and have limited preventive measures. The most frequent ADs were Pt, PX, FU and CP with maxima exceeding the recommended 1 ng/cm2 limit by up to 140 times. IRI, FU, MET, DOX and SUN were efficiently removed by hydrolysis in clean water and present thus lower occupational risk. Disinfectants based on hydrogen peroxide were efficient against PX and FU (> 70% degradation) but less against other ADs, such as carcinogenic CP or IF, IRI and CAP. The most efficient were the active chlorine and peracetic acid-based products, which however release irritating toxic vapors. The innovative in situ testing of ADs previously accumulated in hospital flooring showed highly problematic removal of carcinogenic CP and showed that alcohol-based disinfectants may mobilize persistent ADs contamination from deeper floor layers. CONCLUSION: Agents based on hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, glutaraldehyde, glucoprotamine or detergents can be recommended for daily use for both disinfection and AD decontamination. However, they have variable efficiencies and should be supplemented by periodic use of strong chlorine-based disinfectants efficient also against the carcinogenic and persistent CP.
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky * MeSH
- dekontaminace metody MeSH
- detergenty MeSH
- dezinficiencia * MeSH
- diaminy MeSH
- glutaraldehyd MeSH
- kontaminace zdravotnického vybavení MeSH
- kvartérní amoniové sloučeniny MeSH
- kyselina peroctová MeSH
- laboratoře MeSH
- nemocnice MeSH
- nerezavějící ocel MeSH
- peroxid vodíku MeSH
- podlahy a podlahové krytiny MeSH
- pyrrolidinony MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of this study was to determine optimal conditions for in vitro skin decontamination using water and detergents as decontamination agents and to test the cleansing efficiency of selected detergents. Experiments were performed using a peristaltic pump for showering of pig skin in modified static diffusion cells. Several conditions were tested including different flow rates (from 5 to 33 ml s-1), quantity of rinsing fluid (from 40 to 400 ml) and concentration of detergents (2; 5; 10%). Further, several types of detergents/commercial decontamination agents were evaluated under the selected conditions to find the most effective means of decontamination. The amount of paraoxon removed from the skin surface following wet-type decontamination was detected in the rinsing fluid spectrophotometrically after hydrolysis of paraoxon - a model contaminant. The efficacy of rinsing by water/Spolapon AES 253 increased with flow rate up to 25 ml s-1 and a rinsing volume of 200 ml. Lutensol AT 25 achieved maximum efficacy at the lowest tested concentration (2%). A flow rate of 16 ml s-1, rinsing volume of 100 ml (values from the middle part of the sigmoid curve) and 5% concentration of decontaminant solution were used for further evaluation of detergents as cleansing agents under the selected conditions. Cetylpyridinium bromide (cationic surfactant), carbethopendecinii bromidum (cationic surfactant) and polyoxyethylene-10-tridecyl ether (non-ionic surfactant), SDS (anionic surfactant), althosan MB (cationic surfactant), sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (anionic surfactant), neodekont (mixture), tergitol NPX (non-ionic surfactant), Korynt P (non-ionic surfactant) were found to be the most effective. These decontaminants were able to wash away more than 92% of paraoxon from the contaminated skin.
Acta dermato-venerologica ; vol. 46, suppl. 57
183 s. : tab., grafy ; 26 cm
Nehody s prostředky na udržování hygieny v domácnosti a s kosmetickými přípravky tvoří hned po intoxikacích léky druhou nejčastější příčinu konzultací dětských otrav s Toxikologickým informačním střediskem (TIS) v Praze (1677 nehod v roce 2012). Tyto otravy bývají náhodné, spadající zejména do období batolecího věku dítěte. Z valné části je konzultováno s TIS požití cizorodé látky, zřídka polití nebo vniknutí nežádoucí substance do oka. Typická je pro dětské nehody expozice malému množství čisticího nebo pracího přípravku. Dítě není ohroženo celkovými příznaky, ale možností poškození zažívacího traktu. Míra rizika je daná podílem dráždivých či korozivních látek, které přípravek obsahuje. U pěnivých přípravků s obsahem saponátů hrozí aspirace pěny při zvracení. Po požití kosmetických přípravků s obsahem alkoholu může dojít k celkovým příznakům v závislosti na jeho podílu v daném produktu, na požitém množství přípravku, na hmotnosti a věku postiženého dítěte. V praxi jsou tyto situace výjimečné. Nehody s kosmetickými přípravky bez alkoholu se obvykle obejdou bez následků, zažívací problémy po větším požitém množství (zvracení, průjem, bolesti břicha) nejsou vyloučeny. Ochutnání přípravků s rozpouštědly (laky na nehty a odlakovače) obvykle nevyžaduje léčbu kvůli velmi malým požitým dávkám.
Accidents involving household maintenance products and cosmetic products are only second to medication poisoning as the most common reason for consultations on child poisoning provided by the Toxicological Information Center (TIS) in Prague (1,677 accidents in the year 2012). These intoxications tend to be accidental and are particularly associated with the period of toddlerhood. The majority of consultations with the TIS are for ingestion of a foreign substance, rarely for spills or chemical splash in the eye. Child accidents typically involve exposure to a small amount of a cleaning or washing product. The child is not at risk of systemic symptoms, but of developing damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The risk level is determined by the proportion of irritants or corrosives contained in the product. In the case of foamy products containing surface active agents, there is a risk of foam aspiration during vomiting. Ingestion of cosmetic products containing alcohol may result in systemic effects depending on the proportion of alcohol in the particular product, the amount of the product ingested, and the weight and age of the child affected. These situations are uncommon in the practice. Accidents with alcohol-free cosmetic products usually go without consequences; however, digestive problems after ingesting larger quantities (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain) cannot be excluded. Ingestion of products with solvents (nail polish and nail polish remover) does not generally require treatment, given the very small amounts ingested.
- MeSH
- detergenty * otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dezinficiencia otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dráždivé látky otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kaustika otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky * otrava škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- první pomoc * metody ošetřování MeSH
- úrazy v domácnosti MeSH
- urgentní zdravotnické služby MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
Cytolytic leukotoxins of the repeat in toxin (RTX) family are large proteins excreted by gram-negative bacterial pathogens through the type 1 secretion system (T1SS). Due to low yields and poor stability in cultures of the original pathogens, it is useful to purify recombinant fatty-acylated RTX cytolysins from inclusion bodies produced in E. coli. Such preparations are, however, typically contaminated by high amounts of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin). We report a simple procedure for purification of large amounts of biologically active and endotoxin-free RTX toxins. It is based on the common feature of RTX cytolysins that are T1SS-excreted as unfolded polypeptides and fold into a biologically active toxin only upon binding of calcium ions outside of the bacterial cell. Mimicking this process, the RTX proteins are solubilized from inclusion bodies with buffered 8 M urea, bound onto a suitable chromatographic medium under denaturing conditions and the contaminating LPS is removed through extensive on-column washes with buffers containing 6 to 8 M urea and 1% Triton X-100 or Triton X-114. Extensive on-column rinsing with 8 M urea buffer removes residual detergent and the eluted highly active RTX protein preparations then contain only trace amounts of LPS. The procedure is exemplified using four prototypic RTX cytolysins, the Bordetella pertussis CyaA and the hemolysins of Escherichia coli (HlyA), Kingella kingae (RtxA), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (ApxIA).
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- cytotoxiny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- detergenty chemie MeSH
- erytrocyty účinky léků MeSH
- Escherichia coli metabolismus MeSH
- hemolýza MeSH
- hemolyziny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy analýza MeSH
- močovina chemie MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- oktoxynol chemie MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- THP-1 buňky MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that mediates a variety of functions, including induction of the acute-phase response in hepatocytes. IL-6 initiates its action by binding to its cell surface receptor, followed by activation of Janus kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation of the signal transducer and transcription factor (STAT) 3. Although it has been suggested that cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains, called lipid rafts, and caveolin are involved in this process, their roles in the earliest stages of IL-6-mediated signaling are far from being understood. Here we show that pretreatment of HepG2 hepatoma cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD), which removes cholesterol and destroys lipid rafts, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in IL-6-activated, but not PV-activated cells. Furthermore, when the cells were lysed under conditions preserving lipid rafts, no IL-6- or PV-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 was observed. Although most of the STAT3 was found in large MbetaCD-resistant assemblies in both non-activated and IL-6-activated cells, its association with lipid rafts was weak or undetectable. The extent of IL-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 was comparable in cells expressing low or high levels of caveolin. Similar STAT3 transducer complexes were observed in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The combined data suggest that STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation occurs in preformed transducer complexes that can be activated in the absence of intact lipid rafts or caveolin.
- MeSH
- aktiny metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- cholesterol metabolismus MeSH
- cytoskelet metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- detergenty MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fosfotyrosin metabolismus MeSH
- hepatocyty metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- interleukin-6 farmakologie MeSH
- kaveoliny metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multiproteinové komplexy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- rozpustnost účinky léků MeSH
- separace buněk MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- subcelulární frakce metabolismus MeSH
- transkripční faktor STAT3 metabolismus MeSH
- tubulin metabolismus MeSH
- vanadáty farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Léčebná výměnná plazmaferéza (therapeutic plasma Exchange – TPE) má nezastupitelné místo v léčbě některých typů trombotických mikroangiopatií a je léčbou volby u trombotické trombocytopenické purpury. TPE je podle American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) definována jako terapeutický extrakorporální postup, při kterém je plazma pacienta oddělena od ostatních krevních složek. Jedná se sice o invazivní techniku vyžadující kvalitní žilní přístup, na druhé straně je TPE vysoce bezpečná, a při správném provedení jsou komplikace raritní, lze ji v případě potřeby zahájit během desítek minut a v zásadě nemá žádné reálné kontraindikace. Oddělení plazmy od ostatních složek krve je zajištěno centrifugací nebo membránovou filtrací. Jako náhradní roztok se v různých poměrech a kombinacích používají krystaloidy, 5% roztok albuminu a čerstvě zmražená dárcovská plazma, nebo se v poslední době stále častěji používá plazma ošetřená solvent-detergentem. Během jednoho výkonu se má vyměnit nejméně celý objem plazmy pacienta (total plasma volume – TPV), čímž dojde k výměně, a tedy nahrazení necelých 70 % TPV. Léčba TTP plazmaferézou by měla být zahájena co nejdříve, již při vyslovení podezření na TTP, často ještě před znalostí výsledků aktivity enzymu ADAMTS13. Před zahájením léčby TPE je nutné pamatovat na odběr vzorků krve na vyšetření ADAMTS13 a dalších vyšetření, případně uchování vzorků plazmy, protože interpretace výsledků vzorků odebraných po provedené TPE může být chybná. Účinnost TPE je dána dvěma mechanizmy: 1) odstranění mediátoru onemocnění nebo složek plazmy přispívajících k patogeneze daného stavu; 2) dodání chybějící či nefunkční složky plazmy v případě použití plazmy jako náhradního roztoku. Efektivita TPE se u jednotlivých forem trombotických mikroangiopatií různí, od jednoznačného a promptního efektu u TTP až po nulový efekt u některých forem atypického hemolyticko-uremického syndromu.
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has an irreplaceable place in the treatment of some types of thrombotic microangiopathies. In TTP, it has become the standard of care. TPE is defined by the American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) as a therapeutic extracorporeal procedure in which the patient‘s plasma is separated from other blood components. Although it is an invasive technique requiring high-quality venous access, TPE is quite safe, and when performed correctly, complications are rare. It can be started within tens of minutes if necessary, and it has essentially no real contraindications. Separation of plasma from other blood components is ensured by centrifugation or membrane filtration. Crystalloids, 5% albumin solution and freshly frozen donor plasma are used as a replacement solution in various proportions and combinations and nowadays, solvent-detergent-treated plasma is used increasingly. At least one total plasma volume (TPV) of the patient should be replaced in one procedure, with less than 70% of the TPV being replaced. It is important to remember to collect blood samples for ADAMTS13 and other tests, or preserve plasma samples, before starting TPE treatment, as interpretation of results from samples collected after TPE may be erroneous. The efficacy of TPE is determined by two mechanisms: 1) removal of the disease mediator or plasma components contributing to the pathogenesis of the condition; 2) delivery of the missing or dysfunctional plasma component when plasma is used as a replacement solution. The efficacy of TPE varies between the various forms of thrombotic microangiopathies, ranging from a clear and prompt effect in TTP to no effect at all in some forms of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess a new, putatively optimised method for mass casualty decontamination ("ORCHIDS protocol") for effectiveness in removing the chemical warfare agent VX from the skin of anaesthetised, domestic white pigs. ORCHIDS protocol consists of a 1.5-minute shower with a mild detergent (Argos™) supplemented by physical removal. A standard method of wet decontamination was used for comparison. Experimental animals were divided into four groups (A-D). Two groups were exposed to a supra-lethal percutaneous dose (5 × LD(50); 300 μg kg(-1)) of VX for 1 h prior to decontamination with either the ORCHIDS (C) or standard protocol (D). A third (B, positive control) group was exposed but not subject to decontamination. Blank controls (A) received anaesthesia and the corresponding dose of normal saline instead of VX. Observations of the clinical signs of intoxication were supplemented by measurements of whole blood cholinesterase (ChE) performed on samples of arterial blood acquired at 30-minute intervals for the duration of the study (up to 6 h). Untreated (B) animals displayed typical cholinergic signs consistent with VX intoxication (local fasciculation, mastication, salivation, pilo-erection and motor convulsions) and died 165-240 min post exposure. All animals in both decontamination treatment groups (C, D) survived the duration of the study and exhibited less severe signs of cholinergic poisoning. Thus, both the standard and ORCHIDS protocol were demonstrably effective against exposure to the potent nerve agent VX, even after a delay of 1 h. A critical advantage of the ORCHIDS protocol is the relatively short shower duration (1½ min compared to 3 min). In practice, this could substantially improve the rate at which individuals could be decontaminated by emergency responders following exposure to toxic materials such as chemical warfare agents.
Cellulase (CEL) presently constitutes a major group of industrial enzyme based on its diverse ranges of utilization. Apart from such current and well-established applications-as in cotton processing, paper recycling, detergent formulation, juice extraction, and animal feed additives-their uses in agricultural biotechnology and bioenergy have been exploited. Supplementation of CELs to accelerate decomposition of plant residues in soil results in improved soil fertility. So far, applying CELs/antagonistic cellulolytic fungi to crops has shown to promote plant growth performance, including enhanced seed germination and protective effects. Their actions are believed mainly to trigger plant defense mechanisms and/or to act as biocontrol agents that mediate disease suppression. However, the exact interaction between the enzymes/fungi and plants has not been clearly elucidated. Under mild conditions, removal of plant cell wall polysaccharides by CELs for protoplast preparation results in reduced protoplast damage and increased viability and yields. CELs have recently shown great potential in enzyme aid extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials before selective extraction through enhancing release of target molecules, especially those associated with the wall matrix. To date, attempts have been made to formulate CEL preparation for cellulosic-based bioethanol production. The high cost of CELs has created a bottleneck, resulting in an uneconomic production process. The utilization of low-cost carbohydrates, strain improvement, and gene manipulations has been alternatively aimed at reducing the cost of CEL production. In this review, we focus on and discuss current knowledge of CELs and their applications in agriculture, biotechnology, and bioenergy.
