The aim of the study was toxicological testing of an innovative and efficient antimicrobial agent based on photoactive phthalocyanine (Pc) derivative. A promising Aluminium phthalocyanine (AlPc) with efficient and stable antimicrobial effects was subjected to a battery of toxicological tests to avoid local and systemic toxicity hazard. In compliance with the current European legislation restricting the use of experimental animals, the methods comprised exclusively in vitro procedures based on cellular and tissue models of human origin or mimicking human tissues. The battery of toxicological tests to identify local toxicity included skin corrosion/irritation, eye irritation, and phototoxicity. The basic systemic toxicity tests included acute toxicity, skin sensitization, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. The results showed that AlPc induced skin and eye irritation, exhibited borderline sensitization potential and mutagenic potential in one test strain of the Ames test, which was not confirmed in the chromosome aberration test. The AlPc was found to be phototoxic. The results from the cytotoxicity test designed for acute oral toxicity estimation were not conclusive, the acute toxicity potential has to be determined by conventional tests in vivo. Regarding endocrine disruption, no agonistic activity of the AlPc on human estrogen receptor α, nor human androgen receptor was observed. The skin penetration/absorption test revealed that the AlPc has not penetrated into the dermis and receptor fluid, confirming no risk of systemic exposure via the bloodstream.
- MeSH
- alfa receptor estrogenů metabolismus MeSH
- androgenní receptory metabolismus MeSH
- antiinfekční látky farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- chorioalantoická membrána krevní zásobení účinky léků MeSH
- dráždivé látky farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- fotochemické procesy MeSH
- indoly farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- kožní absorpce MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kuřecí embryo MeSH
- kůže účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfocyty účinky léků MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- oči účinky léků MeSH
- poškození DNA MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- testy toxicity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kuřecí embryo MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Prvním z projevů atopie je v časném dětském věku atopická dermatitida. Později mohou následovat potravinová alergie, alergická rýma a astma v rámci tzv. atopického pochodu. Důležitou roli v rozvoji atopické dermatitidy má porušená bariérová funkce kůže. Tady je rozhodující správná funkce nejpovrchnější vrstvy epidermis stratum corneum. V rámci péče o atopickou pokožku je třeba identifikovat faktory, které dále zhoršují stav kožní bariéry, ty vyloučit nebo alespoň minimalizovat. Očista atopické pokožky vyžaduje použití jemných mycích prostředků a stěžejní je následná hydratace pokožky vhodným emoliens.
The first manifestation of atopy in early childhood is atopic dermatitis. Later, food allergies, allergic rhinitis and asthma may follow as part of the so-called atopic march. The impaired skin barrier function in the development of atopic dermatitis is the most important. Here, the decisive function of the topmost layer of the epidermis stratum corneum is crucial. In the care of atopic skin, it is necessary to identify factors that further worsen the condition of the skin barrier, eliminate them or at least minimize them. Cleansing the atopic skin requires the use of mild detergents and the subsequent hydration of the skin with an appropriate emoliant is essential.
- Klíčová slova
- Eucerin Atopi control,
- MeSH
- alergeny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- atopická dermatitida patologie terapie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dráždivé látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- emoliencia MeSH
- epidermis patofyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- masti MeSH
- péče o kůži metody MeSH
- pleťový krém MeSH
- zvlhčující látky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The use of lower cut-off values/concentration limits for the calculation of mixture classification in UN GHS/EU CLP versus the previous regulatory scheme (EU Dangerous Preparations Directive, DPD), has resulted in an increased number of classifications in the highest eye hazard category. Herein, a semi-quantitative categorisation of severity of eye effects, following accidental human exposures to detergents, was compared to the classification category of the products. Three schemes were evaluated: EU DPD; EU CLP (based on all available data and information, including weight of evidence); and EU CLP (based entirely on the calculation method). As reported by four EU Poison Centres, the vast majority of exposures had caused minor or no symptoms. Classification was a poor predictor of effects in man subjected to accidental exposure. Note however that this is also because effects are not only driven by the intrinsic hazard (as reflected in the classification), but also by the exposure conditions and mitigation (i.e. rinsing). EU CLP classification using all available data and information was more predictive of medically relevant symptoms than the EU CLP calculation method. The latter led to a poorer differentiation between irritating products versus products potentially causing serious eye damage.
- MeSH
- detergenty toxicita MeSH
- dráždivé látky toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poranění oka klasifikace etiologie MeSH
- toxikologická centra MeSH
- ukazatel závažnosti úrazu MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
All common groups of riot control agents (RCA), such as lacrimators, sternits an d irritants, are classified as relatively safe compounds when used in open spaces with sufficient ventilation. Serious health issues may arise when the exposure is prolonged or when RCA are applied to individuals affected with a chronic respiratory disease or hypertension. Thus, the health care system should be ready to respond to the risk which RCA pose for certain part of population. Integrated Rescue System staff involved in these situations should be adequately informed about the mechanism of RCA action, potential health risks, selfprotection and proper decontamination procedures.
Several irritants were used in the in vitro irritation medical device round robin. The objective of this study was to verify their irritation potential using the human patch test (HPT), an in vitro assay, and in vivo data. The irritants were lactic acid (LA), heptanoic acid (HA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Genapol® X-80 (GP), and Y-4 polymer. Dilute saline and sesame seed oil (SSO) solutions of each were evaluated using a 4 and 18 h HPT and the EpiDerm™ SIT-MD RhE assay; results were then compared to existing rabbit skin irritation test data. Results from the 4 h HPT were negative in most cases except for GP and SDS, while the 18 h HPT also identified some LA, HA, and GP samples as irritants. EpiDerm™ SIT-MD correctly identified all irritants except GP in SSO due to limited solubility. Data from cutaneous rabbit irritation tests were negative, while all intracutaneous results were strongly or weakly positive except for the most dilute GP solutions. These findings indicate that EpiDerm™ SIT-MD results correlate with those from the rabbit intracutaneous test and confirm that RhE assays are suitable replacements for animals in evaluating the tissue irritation potential of medical devices.
- MeSH
- alternativy testů na zvířatech MeSH
- benchmarking MeSH
- dodecylsíran sodný toxicita MeSH
- dráždivé látky toxicita MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- kůže účinky léků MeSH
- kyselina mléčná toxicita MeSH
- kyseliny heptylové toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náplasťové testy metody MeSH
- polyethylenglykoly toxicita MeSH
- polyvinylchlorid toxicita MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- testy kožní dráždivosti metody MeSH
- zdravotnické prostředky * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune uveitis is a leading cause of visual impairment in developed countries in patients of working age. Animal models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) have been established to serve as a useful template for novel therapeutic approaches. METHODS: Experimental autoimmune uveitis is induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous application of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein in complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin. Clinical and histological grading is used to assess the inflammation intensity of EAU. RESULTS: The protocol of induction of EAU in mice hides several important aspects, which are crucial for developing the disease. These details have to be addressed to ensure reproducible disease induction. We describe our experience in establishing the model by pointing out the critical steps in EAU protocol which we found important. CONCLUSION: The mouse model of EAU has practical value for preclinical studies, is robust and well established. However, the induction of inflammation of the eye can be quite challenging when important details of the protocol are not recognized and adhered to.
- MeSH
- adjuvancia imunologická MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci chemicky indukované MeSH
- chronická nemoc MeSH
- dráždivé látky MeSH
- Freundovo adjuvans MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- oční proteiny * MeSH
- pertusový toxin MeSH
- proteiny vázající retinol * MeSH
- uveitida chemicky indukované MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Sternutators are substances that irritate the nasal and respiratory passages and cause coughing, sneezing, lacrimation, and sometimes vomiting. They are organoarsenic compounds and some of them were used as warfare toxic gases in World War I, namely diphenylaminochloroarsine, diphenylchloroarsine, diphenylcyanarsine, and phenyldichloroarsine. The effect of these irritants is in principle non-lethal.
x
- MeSH
- akrolein analogy a deriváty farmakologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chemické bojové látky * farmakologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- chloracetáty chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- dráždivé látky * dějiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- fosgen analogy a deriváty farmakologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- sloučeniny bromu chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- slzné plyny chemie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Two modifications of the rinsing procedure within the BCOP assay were proposed. Their ability to enhance the removal efficiency of highly viscous and colored samples was compared with an unmodified BCOP procedure (TG OECD 437). The first modification consisted of three-step washing of the applied chemicals from the cornea using Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM), olive oil and EMEM, while the classical OECD TG 437 procedure prescribes only EMEM. Within the second modification, mechanical removal of the tested sample from the cornea surface prior to the two step washing procedure was performed. The in vitro irritation score (IVIS) exceeded the value of 55 for 9 out of 20 samples when a non-modified rinsing procedure was used. The first modification with the olive oil resulted in a decrease in IVIS for numerous samples, while an IVIS score drop below the threshold value of 55 was only observed for two of them. Mechanical removal of sample residua resulted in a further decline in the measured IVIS. Only the three samples treated by means of this procedure revealed an IVIS above 55. The decreases in IVIS observed during both modifications were mainly related to the reduced opacity, whereas the permeability mostly remained unaffected.
- MeSH
- alternativy testů na zvířatech MeSH
- barva MeSH
- biotest metody MeSH
- dráždivé látky toxicita MeSH
- olivový olej MeSH
- permeabilita MeSH
- rohovka účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- skot MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- viskozita MeSH
- zákal rohovky * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Respiratory irritants are substances which can cause inflammation or other adverse reactions in the respiratory system (lungs, nose, mouth, larynx and trachea) after being inhaled. Depending on the type and amount of irritant gas inhaled, victims can experience symptoms ranging from minor respiratory discomfort to acute airway and lung injury and even death. The lungs are susceptible to many airborne irritants. A common response cascade to a variety of irritant gases includes inflammation, edema and epithelial sloughing which, left untreated, can result in scar formation and pulmonary and airway remodeling. There are hundreds of substances that can pollute air and harm lungs. Harmful gases and chemicals are just one type of airborne pollutants that can adversely affect the lungs. Examples of respiratory irritants include, for example, chlorine, amonium, ozone, sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. These substances, their sources of exposure, physical and other properties, and effects on the victim are summarized in this article.
- MeSH
- amoniak otrava toxicita MeSH
- bronchiolitida etiologie MeSH
- chlor otrava toxicita MeSH
- dráždivé látky * otrava škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- inhalační expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kyselina chlorovodíková otrava toxicita MeSH
- kyselina fluorovodíková otrava toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obstrukce dýchacích cest etiologie MeSH
- oxid dusičitý otrava toxicita MeSH
- oxid siřičitý otrava toxicita MeSH
- ozon otrava toxicita MeSH
- plicní fibróza etiologie MeSH
- plicní nemoci * etiologie MeSH
- plyny * škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- popálení inhalací kouře MeSH
- syndrom dechové tísně etiologie MeSH
- zánět etiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
