Kardiovaskulární komplikace obezity jsou tradičně pokládány za významnou komplikaci obezity. Obezita sama ale není pravděpodobně přímo příčinou rozvoje aterosklerózy ani ischemické choroby srdeční. Ta vzniká především nepřímo vlivem metabolických komplikací obezity, zejména diabetu a metabolického syndromu. Nepochybný je však i trombogenní potenciál obezity, který se může podílet jak na embolizacích, tak na rozvoji aterosklerózy. S kardiologií je naopak spojován fenomén paradoxu obezity, situace, v níž mají obézní lepší prognózu než štíhlí. To se týká selhávání srdce i některých dalších kardiovaskulárních onemocnění. Nová je koncepce hormonů svalové tkáně – myokinů, které mají rozsáhlé protektivní vlivy na organizmus a pravděpodobně i na srdce. Zda je srdce rovněž zdrojem myokinů, je zatím nejisté. Nepochybný význam má však epikardiální a perikardiální tuk. U epikardiálního tuku převládají pravděpodobně spíše vlivy pro myokard protektivní. I tento tuk může podléhat zánětu a produkovat i faktory myokard poškozující. Vztah zejména množství epikardiálního tuku k postižení koronárních tepen a srdce je spíše patogenní. Dnes rozhodně platí, že obezita přináší více komplikace metabolické a onkologické než kardiovaskulární a přesné rozdělení jak patogenně či ochranně může v kardiologii působit tuková tkáň, vyžadují ještě další výzkum. Rozhodně však lze uzavřít, že tuk, jak celkový, tak v okolí srdce, může za určitých okolností srdci i prospívat.
Cardiovascular complications of obesity are traditionally considered an important complication of obesity. Obesity itself is probably not direct cause of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease. This may occur indirectly in metabolic complications of obesity, especially diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, thrombogenicity potential of obesity contributes to embolism and atherosclerosis development. In cardiology is well-known a phenomenon of obesity paradox when obese patients have better prognosis than thin. This is the case of heart failure and some other cardiovascular diseases. Recently, a new concept has emerged of myokines – hormones from muscle tissue that have extensive protective effects on organism and probably on heart. Whether heart is a source of myokines is uncertain. However, undoubted importance has epicardial and pericardial fatty tissue. The epicardial fatty tissue has mainly protective effects on myocardium. This fatty tissue may produce factors of inflammation affecting the myocardium. Relationship between amount of epicardial fatty tissue and coronary heart disease is rather pathogenic. Currently, it is certain that obesity brings more metabolic and cancer complications than cardiovascular and accurate contribution to pathogenic or protective character of fatty tissue in cardiology requires further research. Nevertheless, the conclusion is that adipose tissue of organism and around the heart may be in some circumstances beneficial.
Práce uvádí novinky v oblasti dietologie diabetu. Hlouběji se zabývá třemi chorobnými jednotkami metabolického syndromu: obezitou, hyperlipoproteinémií a diabetem 2. typu, protože u těchto chorob má dietoterapie zásadní význam. V moderní dietologii je kladen důraz na „zdravou“ hmotnost, proto jsou krátce zmíněny i základy využití fyzické aktivity. Zásadní je změna životního stylu, redukční dieta při BMI nad 25 kg/m2 + fyzická aktivita 3–5x týdně minimálně 30 minut. V dietě je třeba maximálně preferovat vlákninu, nejvýhodnější je rozpustná vláknina (zelenina, luštěniny, ovoce) pro pozitivní metabolické účinky. Důležitější než celkové množství tuku v potravě je jejich složení. Aterogenní a trombogenní a možná i kancerogenní jsou nasycené mastné kyseliny, výhodné jsou mono a polyenové mastné kyseliny. Využití fytosterolů v dietě je významnou možností dietní hypolipidemické léčby. V práci jsou ukázány dietní možnosti při ovlivnění postprandiální glykemie u diabetiků i u zdravých jedinců. Využívání potravin s pomalým vstřebáváním cukru (s nízkým glykemickým indexem) vede nejen ke snížení postprandiální glykemie, ale i ke snížení inzulinové rezistence.
The article presents update in the area of dietology in diabetes mellitus. It discusses in detail 3 pathologic entities of metabolic syndrome: obesity, hyperlipoproteinemia and type II diabetes mellitus, because in this disease dietary therapy plays a key role. „A healthy weight“is stressed in modern dietology that is why the basics of application of physical activity are briefly discussed. Life style change is essential, reduction diet at BMI over 25 kg/m2 and physical activity 3–5x weakly at least for 30 minutes. Dietary fiber is necessary to prefer, the most advantageous is soluble fiber (vegetable, legume, fruit) thanks to positive metabolic effect. More important than the total amount of fat is its composition. Saturated fatty acids are atherogenic and thrombogenic and possibly carcinogenic, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids are on the other hand beneficial. Use of fytosterols in diet is an important option of dietary hypolipidemic therapy. The article shows dietary options for postprandial effect on blood glucose levels in diabetics and healthy individuals. Use of food with slow resorbtion of sugar low blood glucose index) leads not only to lowering postprandial blood sugar level, but also lowering of insulin resistance.
OBJECTIVE: The study examined the fatty acids composition and main nutrients composition in two freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic during one year. METHODS: Samples of common carp and rainbow trout were taken from a market chain during a year. All samples were homogenized and analyzed for lipid, protein, water, and ash contents. Energy value (E), sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were then calculated. RESULTS: The freshwater fish on the Czech market chain have beneficial average value content of unsaturated fatty acids, Σ MUFA+PUFA in carp is 69.46% of all fatty acids, similar average value of Σ MUFA+PUFA - 70.83% is in rainbow trout. The calculated average value of AI in carp is 0.52 (SD = 0.06), AI in rainbow trout is 0.63 (SD = 0.07), the average TI in carp is 0.63 (SD = 0.09), TI in rainbow trout is 0.49 (SD = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Freshwater fish in the Czech market chain have beneficial value of PUFA, so AI and TI indices are low in both species of analysed fish. Regular consumption of fish meat is important in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
- MeSH
- Carps * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Fatty Acids MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss * MeSH
- Fresh Water MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
A total of 20 weaned rabbits (33 days old) (10 per treatment) were fed one of two diets that included 150 g of sunflower meal (SF)/kg of diet or 120 g of whole white lupin (WL)/kg of diet for 42 days. The WL diet contained less saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than the SF diet. The WL diet significantly decreased SFA and PUFA content, as well as the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio and saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in hind leg meat. The fatty acid composition in perirenal fat was similar to that of hind leg meat; however, significantly higher MUFA levels were observed in rabbits fed the WL diet. Thus, feeding rabbits the WL diet affected the fatty acid profile of hind leg meat and perirenal fat in a favourable manner.
- MeSH
- Atherosclerosis prevention & control MeSH
- Diet veterinary MeSH
- Dietary Fats analysis MeSH
- Helianthus MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal chemistry MeSH
- Rabbits MeSH
- Animal Feed MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lupinus MeSH
- Meat analysis MeSH
- Fatty Acids analysis MeSH
- Intra-Abdominal Fat chemistry MeSH
- Dietary Supplements MeSH
- Seeds MeSH
- Thrombosis prevention & control MeSH
- Health MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rabbits MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Obezita bez komorbidit nepřináší pravděpodobně kardiovaskulární riziko, a dokonce se uplatňuje tzv. paradox obezity, kdy obezita může prognózu kardiovaskulárních onemocnění zlepšovat. Kardiovaskulární komplikace vznikají především nepřímo vlivem metabolických komorbidit obezity. Nepochybný je však i trombogenní potenciál obezity. Velmi důležitou otázkou současné obezitologie je, zda antidiabetika podávaná nyní u obézních nediabetiků budou mít podobný pozitivní kardiovaskulární efekt jako u diabetiků. Ochraný vliv na kardiovaskulární systém mají nepochybně hormony svalové tkáně – myokiny. Významný je dále výzkum epikardiálního a perikardiálního tuku. Jeho vyšetřování i terapeutické ovlivnění pomůže odhalit další možnosti diagnostiky a léčby kardiovaskulárních onemocnění.
Obesity with no comorbidities probably carries no cardiovascular risk, and the so-called obesity paradox even comes into play, wherein obesity may improve the prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular complications primarily occur indirectly due to metabolic comorbidities of obesity. However, a thrombogenic potential of obesity has also been established. A very important question in contemporary obesitology is whether antidiabetics currently administered in obese non-diabetic individuals will have a positive cardiovascular effect similar to that in diabetics. Myokines, muscle tissue hormones, certainly have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Also of importance is the research into epicardial and pericardial fat. Its investigation and management will aid in finding additional options of diagnosing and treating cardiovascular disease.
- Keywords
- kardiovaskulární riziko, epikardiální tuk, perikardiální tuk,
- MeSH
- Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Cardiovascular Diseases etiology prevention & control MeSH
- Anti-Obesity Agents adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Obesity * complications MeSH
- Obesity Paradox MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
This work aimed to extend our current knowledge by obtaining novel information regarding the effect of the dietary inclusion of dehulled white lupine seeds (DWL) on the physical characteristics and sensory qualities of rabbit meat, as well as growth and carcass traits. The DWL diet was compared with a soybean meal-based diet. Feeding the DWL diet to rabbits led to lower Warner-Bratzler shear force values measured in grilled meat samples (Longissimus lumborum muscle) across fibers and this finding was confirmed in the sensory evaluation of texture in terms of higher tenderness and fibrosity of meat samples. No differences were detected by panelists in terms of intensity of aroma, the presence of a flavor typical for cooked meat, or the presence of a flavor typical for rabbit meat. Additionally, saturation and thrombogenic indexes from hind leg meat of rabbits fed the DWL diet were reduced. There was a better feed conversion ratio in rabbits fed the DWL diet.
- MeSH
- Diet veterinary MeSH
- Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena MeSH
- Rabbits MeSH
- Animal Feed analysis MeSH
- Lupinus chemistry MeSH
- Meat analysis standards MeSH
- Seeds chemistry MeSH
- Body Composition drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rabbits MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
The present study was aimed at comparing the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and milk fatty acid (MFA) compositions in Holstein cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) to those values of Holstein cows that did not have SARA. Also, the correlations among rumen pH value and the compositions of MUN and MFA in milk were determined. Dairy cows (n = 16) with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) (pH value 5.60 ± 0.02) and control dairy cows (n = 16) (control) (pH value 6.20 ± 0.04) were studied. The MUN concentrations (578 μg/l) of the dairy cows with SARA was lower than those (1 315 μg/l) of the control dairy cows (P < 0.001). In the milk of the dairy cows with SARA, the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), thrombogenic index (TI), and hypocholesterolemic fatty acid index (hcFA) decreased; but the saturated fatty acids (SFA), atherogenic (AI) and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (HcFA) indexes (P < 0.01) increased. The rumen pH value and the concentration of the MUN were positively correlated with the proportions of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), omega-6 fatty acids (n-6), omega-9 fatty acids (n-9), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and the n-3/n-6 ratio of the milk samples (P < 0.05). Consequently, the dairy cow with SARA that are in early-lactation can affect the carbohydrate fermentation, fatty acid hydrogenation and protein degradation. The MUN concentration in the dairy cows with SARA seriously decreased. The SARA changes the milk fatty acid composition and decreases the MUFA, PUFA, n-3, oleic acid and hypocholesterolemic fatty acids and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) values of milk. Therefore, the nutritional and functional quality for human nutrition decreases in the milk of dairy cows with SARA.
