Agriculture is at the pivot point between anthroposphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Innovative solutions are needed to reduce agricultural emissions and improve sustainability. Microalgae animal feed could be such a solution. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 10 freshwater microalgae: Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Chlamydomonas pulvinate, Chlorella luteoviridis, Chlorella variabilis, Euglena mutabilis, Parachlorella kessleri, Stichococcus bacillaris, Tetradesmus acuminatus, Tetradesmus obliquus, and Tetraselmis gracilis, on ruminal methane (CH4) production, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation using the in vitro Hohenheim gas test. The microalgae were cultured in a carbon dioxide (CO2) incubator at 2% CO2, at the optimal conditions for each strain. The highest producers were P. kessleri and T. obliquus, with a biomass concentration of 0.69 and 0.73 g/L·d, respectively. Their PUFA contents ranged from 33.2% to 69.1% of total fatty acids. Microalgae were tested at a 15% replacement in a control basal diet of 40.0% DM grass silage, 40.0% maize silage, 15% hay, and 5% concentrate. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in R. Ruminal CH4 production was reduced by 15.4%, 17.4%, and 16.4% in diets containing A. protothecoides, C. luteoviridis, and P. kessleri, respectively, compared with the control diet. Similarly, these diets reduced in vitro organic matter digestibility by 3.5%, 5.2%, and 5.4%, respectively. However, only A. protothecoides reduced CH4/CO2 ratio by 3.5% compared with the control diet. Propionate molar proportion was decreased by 2.4, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.5 percentage points for diets containing Ch. pulvinate, E. mutabilis, P. kessleri, and T. obliquus, respectively. Marginal effects of dietary variables were analyzed using the generalized additive model framework, revealing a negative relationship between dietary PUFA, sulfur content, and CH4 production, and a negative relationship between dietary PUFA and CH4/CO2 ratio. Incorporating high-PUFA microalgae in ruminant diets shows potential for reducing enteric CH4 emissions, warranting further investigation.
- MeSH
- bachor * metabolismus MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
- methan * metabolismus MeSH
- mikrořasy * metabolismus MeSH
- siláž MeSH
- skot MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study evaluated the effects of dietary methionine level and rearing water temperature on growth, antioxidant capacity, methionine metabolism, and hepatocyte autophagy in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus). A factorial design was used with six methionine levels [0.64, 0.85, 1.11, 1.33, 1.58, and 1.76%] and two temperatures [moderate temperature (MT): 27 °C, and high temperature (HT): 33 °C]. The results revealed the significant effects of both dietary methionine level and water temperature on weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE), and their interaction effect was found on WG (P < 0.05). In both water temperatures tested, fish WG increased with increasing methionine level up to 1.11% and decreased thereafter. The groups of fish reared at MT exhibited dramatically higher WG and FE than those kept at HT while an opposite trend was observed for feed intake. Liver antioxidant indices including reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities remarkably increased in the HT group compared to the MT group. Moreover, the lowest MDA concentration and the highest SOD activity were recorded at methionine levels between 1.11% and 0.85%, respectively, regardless of water temperatures. Expression of methionine metabolism-related key enzyme genes (mat2b, cbs, ms, and bhmt) in the liver was increased at moderate methionine levels, and higher expression levels were detected at MT compared to HT with the exception of ms gene relative expression. Relative expression of hepatocyte autophagy-related genes (pink1, atg5, mul1, foxo3) and hsp70 was upregulated by increasing methionine level up to a certain level and decreased thereafter and increasing water temperature led to significantly enhanced expression of hsp70. In summary, HT induced heat stress and reduced fish growth, and an appropriate dietary methionine level improved the antioxidant capacity and stress resistance of fish. A second-order polynomial regression analysis based on the WG suggested that the optimal dietary methionine level for maximum growth of spotted seabass is 1.22% of the diet at 27 °C and 1.26% of the diet at 33 °C, then 1.37 g and 1.68 g dietary methionine intake is required for 100 g weight gain at 27 °C or 33 °C, respectively.
Nádorová onemocnění různého typu jsou jednou z nejčastějších příčin úmrtí psů a koček. Správně nastavený nutriční management pomáhá zlepšit stav a kvalitu života pacientů a může také ovlivnit progresi onemocnění a prodloužit délku života. V článku jsou popsány metabolické změny jednotlivých živin, ke kterým při nádorových onemocněních dochází. Ty následně ovlivňují nutriční požadavky onkologických pacientů. Důležitým faktorem pro výběr diety a nastavení krmného režimu je i výživný stav pacienta. V důsledku metabolických změn a ztráty chuti k jídlu může dojít k rozvoji kachexie, část veterinárních pacientů ale může mít naopak nadváhu nebo být obézní. Proto je třeba přistupovat k jejich výživě přísně individuálně. V článku jsou popsány základní postupy při výběru správné diety a krmných postupů, včetně možnosti zavedení asistovaného krmení u anorektických pacientů. Zmíněny jsou také krmné doplňky, které mohou pomoci při řešení nádorových onemocnění.
Tumor diseases of various types are one of the most common causes of death in dogs and cats. Correctly set nutritional management helps to improve the condition and quality of life of patients and can also affect disease progression and prolong life. The article describes the metabolic changes of individual nutrients that occur during cancer. These subsequently influence the nutritional requirements of oncology patients. The nutritional status of the patient is also an important factor for choosing a diet and setting a feeding regime. As a result of metabolic changes and loss of appetite, cachexia may develop, but some veterinary patients may be overweight or obese. Therefore, it is necessary to approach their nutrition strictly individually. The article describes basic procedures for choosing the right diet and feeding procedures, including the possibility of introducing assisted feeding in anorexic patients. Food supplements are also mentioned, which can help in the treatment of cancer.
- MeSH
- bazální metabolismus MeSH
- dieta * veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- kachexie etiologie klasifikace patologie veterinární MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- metabolismus lipidů MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů MeSH
- nádory * dietoterapie komplikace metabolismus veterinární MeSH
- obezita komplikace veterinární MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- psi MeSH
- změny tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Ve druhé části článek pojednává o zásadách výživy psů a koček s kardiovaskulárním onemocněním a zabývá se hlavními principy nutričního managementu. K významným dietním opatřením patří úprava klíčových minerálních látek, které ovlivňují činnost srdce i rozvoj kompenzačních změn provázejících srdeční selhání. A v neposlední řadě také dotace některých látek, které se mohou podílet na zmírnění patologických procesů a zlepšení funkce srdce. Jedná se především o n-3 mastné kyseliny, taurin a L-karnitin. Článek se zabývá také rizikovými faktory ve výživě, jež mohou přispět k rozvoji dilatační kardiomyopatie.
The second part of the article discusses the principles of nutrition for dogs and cats with cardiovascular disease and deals with the main principles of nutrient management. Important steps in diet include the alteration of key minerals that affect heart activity and the development of compensatory changes accompanying heart failure. And last but not least, supplementation of some sub-stances that may contribute to alleviating pathological processes and improving heart function. These are mainly n-3 fatty acids, taurine and L-carnitine. The article also deals with risk factors in nutrition that may contribute to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy.
- MeSH
- chloridy fyziologie MeSH
- dieta klasifikace veterinární MeSH
- dilatační kardiomyopatie dietoterapie etiologie veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * dietoterapie etiologie veterinární MeSH
- karnitin aplikace a dávkování fyziologie krev nedostatek MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- mastné kyseliny aplikace a dávkování chemie metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny MeSH
- psi MeSH
- sodík aplikace a dávkování fyziologie MeSH
- taurin aplikace a dávkování biosyntéza krev metabolismus nedostatek MeSH
- živiny * aplikace a dávkování fyziologie klasifikace krev metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
An infection model for sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum) challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei (Diamant, Lom et Dyková, 1994), resembling the natural infection conditions, was used to evaluate the antiparasitic efficacy of a functional diet. Fish of an average weight of 12.5 ± 1.2 g were delivered either a functional (included as feed supplement at 0.3% levels) or a control extruded diet. After four weeks of administration of the experimental diets, fish were challenged with the parasites (cohabitation with infected donors; donor: recipient ratio 1 : 1). The experiment was terminated four weeks after the start of the challenge. At the end of the experiment, growth and feeding (specific growth rate and feed efficiency), as well as immunological parameters (respiratory burst activity, antibacterial activities, hemoglobin concentration, anti-protease activity and ceruloplasmin activity) were measured along with cumulative mortality and total parasitic count in the gut. No significant difference was evident with regard to growth and feeding performance, mortality, gut parasitic load or immunological parameters as the parasitical challenge significantly affected both the performance of the control and functional diet fed fish. However, there was a less prominent impact on antibacterial, anti-protease and ceruloplasmin activity in fish fed with the functional diet. Overall, the present study validated the experimental cohabitation infection model and evaluated the efficacy of a functional ingredient as an antiparasitic agent, showing some potential effects on the fish immune response.
The study evaluated dietary supplementation with live yeast (LY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-4407, 1010 CFU/g, Actisaf; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, France) on rumen fermentation and serum metabolic profile in lactating dairy cows. Fifty Holstein cows received a total mixed ration with (Live Yeast Diet, LYD, n = 25) or without (Control Diet, CD, n = 25) 5 × 1010 CFU/cow/day of LY from 3 to 19 weeks of lactation. Rumen fermentation and serum metabolic profile were measured in eight cows per treatment at 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 weeks post-partum. LYD showed an increased daily milk yield (+4%) over CD (p < 0.05). Mean rumen pH at 4 hr after morning meal was higher in LYD (6.59) than CD (6.32) (p < 0.01). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and acetate molar proportion were higher in LYD (114.24 mM; 25.04%) than CD (106.47 mM; 24.73%) (p < 0.05). Propionate and butyrate molar proportions, acetate to propionate ratio, ammonia levels did not differ between LYD and CD. Ruminal lactate was lower in LYD than CD (9.3 vs. 16.4 mM) (p < 0.001), with a 53% decrease in LYD. During peak lactation, LYD had lower serum NEFA (p < 0.05, 0.40 vs. 0.48 mM) and BHBA (p < 0.01, 0.47 vs. 0.58 mM) than CD, lower liver enzyme activities (AST 1.39 vs. 1.54 ukat/L) (p < 0.05). Serum glucose was higher in LYD at peak lactation (3.22 vs. 3.12 mM, and 3.32 vs. 3.16 mM respectively) (p < 0.05). The results confirmed a reducing effect of LY on lactate accumulation in rumen fluid, associated with an increase in rumen pH. Lower serum levels of lipomobilization markers, liver enzyme activities and higher glucose levels may suggest that live yeast slightly mitigated negative energy balance and had a certain liver protective effect.
- MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- krevní glukóza MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- laktace fyziologie MeSH
- mléko MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae * MeSH
- skot metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot metabolismus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky veterinární MeSH
- MeSH
- chronická pankreatitida diagnóza dietoterapie epidemiologie etiologie patofyziologie veterinární MeSH
- dieta s omezením tuků veterinární MeSH
- dieta metody veterinární MeSH
- enterální výživa metody veterinární MeSH
- exokrinní pankreatická insuficience diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- gastrostomie metody veterinární MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- nedostatek vitaminu B12 terapie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci slinivky břišní * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie klasifikace patofyziologie terapie veterinární MeSH
- nutriční terapie * metody veterinární MeSH
- pankreatin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- pankreatitida diagnóza dietoterapie epidemiologie etiologie klasifikace patofyziologie terapie veterinární MeSH
- psi MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- triglyceridy metabolismus škodlivé účinky MeSH
- vitamin B 12 aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- výživové doporučené dávky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The present study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of leucine (Leu) in excess of the breeder´s recommendations activates protein synthesis and decreases protein degradation in muscle of broilers. Day-old male Ross 308 broilers (n = 450) were phase-fed corn-soybean meal-based diets during starter (d 1-10), grower (d 11-22), and finisher (d 23-34) period. The basal diets fed to the control group (L0) met the broilers' requirements for nutrients and amino acids, and contained Leu, Leu:isoleucine (Ile) and Leu:valine (Val) ratios, close to those recommended by the breeder (Leu:Ile: 100:54, 100:52, 100:51; Leu:Val 100:64, 100:61, 100:58; in starter, grower and finisher diet, resp.). Basal diets were supplemented with Leu to exceed the breeder's recommendations by 35% (group L35) and 60% (group L60). Growth performance during 34 d, and carcass weights, and breast and thigh muscle weights on d 34 were similar among groups. Hepatic and muscle mRNA levels of genes involved in the somatotropic axis [growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein 2, IGF receptor] on d 34 were not influenced by Leu. In the breast muscle, relative mRNA abundances of genes involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of protein synthesis (mTOR, ribosomal p70 S6 kinase) and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation (F-box only protein 32, Forkhead box protein O1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1) on d 34 were largely similar among groups. Likewise, relative phosphorylation and thus activation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 involved in the mTOR pathway, and of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2a) involved in the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)/eIF2a pathway of protein synthesis inhibition, were not influenced. These data indicate that dietary Leu concentrations exceeding the broiler´s requirements up to 60% neither influence protein synthesis nor degradation pathways nor muscle growth in growing broilers.
- MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek MeSH
- isoleucin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- kosterní svaly metabolismus MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- kur domácí fyziologie MeSH
- leucin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- složení těla MeSH
- svalové proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- valin aplikace a dávkování farmakologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky veterinární MeSH
The Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) belongs to the least known nocturnal primates. Tarsiers and remaining biodiversity of the Philippines are under tremendous threats from increasing human expansion, with habitat loss and illegal pet trade being the main reasons for tarsier population decline. In addition, even though the attempts were made by western and local facilities, tarsiers have not survived well in captivity. In this paper, I present an example of successful breeding of the Philippine tarsier in captive conditions but in natural climate. As the most important elements of success, I see a large amount of space provided to tarsiers, the climate similar to their natural habitat and the food resembling their natural diet. Our pair of tarsiers were joined during the mating period and held separately outside the mating period, which corresponds with their behavior in the wild and may have played a crucial role in breeding success. Eliminating stress to animals is also important. The study can provide valuable guidelines for other facilities keeping tarsiers in the Philippines and help to improve tarsiers' welfare and in the future help to establish a viable captive population of the Philippine tarsier that will serve as a backup population and also will decrease demand on tarsiers captured from the wild.
- MeSH
- bydlení zvířat * MeSH
- chov zvířat * MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- rozmnožování fyziologie MeSH
- Tarsiidae fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
1. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of an unsaturated or saturated fat source and the effects of different dietary energy levels in laying hen diets on the carotenoid content of the egg yolk. 2. Seventy-two ISA Brown laying hens aged 22 weeks old were allocated, for a 10 week period, to three treatments: control diet (HE group) with a 3.4% supplemented fat containing 2.1% soybean and 1.3% palm oil as fat sources and a ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid (u/s) of 3.33; a lowered energy diet with 2.4% supplemented fat containing 1.4% soybean and 1.0% palm oil and u/s of 3.41 (LE+high u/s); a lowered energy diet with 2.4% supplemented fat containing 0.5% soybean and 1.9% palm oil and a u/s of 2.39 (LE+low u/s). A marigold plant extract supplement was used as a source of lutein. 3. Performance parameters (feed consumption, feed conversion, body weight), egg production rate and egg quality parameters were similar between treatments. Dietary fat digestibility at the middle of the study period was not different. Egg yolk total fat content was similar in all treatments at the middle and at the end of the study period. 4. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cis-lutein and total carotenoids content were significantly lower in eggs produced from the LE+low u/s group compared to those from the HE and the LE+high u/s groups (P < 0.01 for all parameters). 5. It was concluded that feeding laying hens with a diet containing 1% less supplemented fat and a lower u/s ratio compared to a control diet and to a diet with 1% less supplemented fat with a higher u/s ratio resulted in a significant reduction of carotenoid expression in the egg yolk at the end of experimental period. Performance and egg quality parameters were not affected by treatments.
- MeSH
- dieta veterinární MeSH
- dietní tuky aplikace a dávkování klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- karotenoidy metabolismus MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza MeSH
- kur domácí fyziologie MeSH
- lutein metabolismus MeSH
- náhodné rozdělení MeSH
- potravní doplňky analýza MeSH
- vaječný žloutek chemie účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zeaxanthiny metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH