Involution
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Mammary gland development occurs mainly after birth and is composed of three successive stages: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and involution. These developmental stages are associated with major tissue remodeling, including extensive changes in mammary epithelium, as well as surrounding stroma. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoid culture has become an important tool in mammary gland biology and enabled invaluable discoveries on pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis and breast cancer. However, a suitable 3D organoid model recapitulating key aspects of lactation and involution has been missing. Here, we describe a robust and straightforward mouse mammary organoid system modeling lactation and involution-like process, which can be applied to study mechanisms of physiological mammary gland lactation and involution as well as pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic tissue that changes throughout reproductive life, including growth during puberty and repetitive cycles of pregnancy and involution. Mammary gland tumors represent the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of mammary gland development is essential for understanding how dysregulation can lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoids offer many exciting possibilities for the study of tissue development and breast cancer. In the present protocol derived from Sumbal et al., we describe a straightforward 3D organoid system for the study of lactation and involution ex vivo. We use primary and passaged mouse mammary organoids stimulated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and prolactin to model the three cycles of mouse mammary gland lactation and involution processes. This 3D organoid model represents a valuable tool to study late postnatal mammary gland development and breast cancer, in particular postpartum-associated breast cancer. Graphic abstract: Mammary gland organoid isolation and culture procedures.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Shrnutí poznatků o fetálním thymu, involuci fetálního thymu a možnosti využití jeho ultrazvukového vyšetření v klinické praxi. Typ studie: Přehled. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Lékařská fakulta Hradec Králové, Univerzita Karlova Praha. Porodnická a gynekologická klinika FN Hradec Králové. Metodika: Souhrnné shrnutí literárních údajů o fetálním thymu, jeho involuci, možnostech ultrazvukového zobrazení a interpretaci výsledků měření do klinické praxe. Závěr: Výsledky zatím publikovaných studií, byť s nevelkými soubory pacientek potvrzují předpoklad, že involuce thymu plodu je citlivý marker intraamniální infekce u pacientek s předčasným porodem, či předčasným odtokem plodové vody. Dosavadní výzkum potvrzuje, že normální velikost thymu pro dané gestační stáří vylučuje přítomnost latentní intrauterinní infekce.
The purpose of this study was to summarize the published data on the fetal thymus, the fetal thymic involution and the possible use of the measurement of the fetal thymus in the clinical practice. Design: Review. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Faculty Charles University Hradec Kralove. Methods: We summarized published data on the fetal thymic involution and relationship between the sonographic fetal thymus size and the presence of an intrauterinne infection in patiens with preterm labor or preterm prelabour rupture of membranes. Conclusion: The present review summarizes the results of clinical and experimental research on the fetal thymic involution.
