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Východiska: Kombinace moderní chemoterapie s cílenou anti-EGFR léčbou vede u senzitivních pacientů s metastatickým kolorektálním karcinomem k prodloužení života a zlepšení jeho kvality. U rezistentních pacientů může však přidání monoklonálních protilátek proti EGFR vést naopak ke zhoršení parametrů přežití. Z tohoto důvodu se identifikace senzitivních a rezistentních pacientů stala klíčovou záležitostí při iniciální rozvaze před zahájením cílené léčby metastatického kolorektálního karcinomu. Četné klinické studie vedly ke zjištění, že rezistence k anti-EGFR terapii je v naprosté většině případů spojena s trvalou aktivací signálních drah distálně od EGFR. Z mnoha studovaných faktorů (mutace onkogenů KRAS, NRAS, BRAF a PIK3CA, inaktivace nádorového supresoru PTEN a TP53, amplifikace EGFR a HER2, zvýšená hladina ligandů epiregulinu a amphiregulinu, mikroRNA miR-31-3p a miR-31-5p a další) se do rutinní klinické praxe dostaly pouze KRAS a NRAS. U ostatních faktorů je třeba dalších studií k verifikaci zjištěných závěrů. Na pokračující efektivitu anti-EGFR terapie mohou ukazovat i některé klinické parametry zjištěné až po zahájení cílené léčby, jako např. časná regrese nádoru, hloubka nádorové odpovědi či míra poklesu plazmatické hladiny hořčíku. Přesnost prediktivní diagnostiky lze zvýšit rovněž kombinací vyšetřovaných biomarkerů např. pomocí metod založených na sekvenování nové generace. Je však třeba varovat před nekritickým vyšetřováním řady molekulárních markerů, které může vést k problémům s interpretací získaných výsledků, především jejich klinické relevance. Cíl: Cílem tohoto přehledu je popsat současné možnosti predikce odpovědi na anti-EGFR terapii v kontextu EGFR signální dráhy a návaznosti na běžnou klinickou praxi.
Background: The combination of modern systemic chemotherapy and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies improves overall survival and quality of life for patients with metastatic colorecal cancer. By contrast, the addition of anti-EGFR therapy to the treatment regime of resistant patients may lead to worse progression-free survival and overall survival. Therefore, identifying sensitive and resistant patients prior to targeted therapy of metastatic colorecal cancer is a key point during the initial decision making process. Previous research shows that primary resistance to EGFR blockade is in most cases caused by constitutive activation of signaling pathways downstream of EGFR. Of all relevant factors (mutation of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressors PTEN and TP53, amplification of EGFR and HER2, and expression of epiregulin and amphiregulin, mikroRNA miR-31-3p, and miR-31-5p), only evaluation of KRAS and NRAS mutations has entered routine clinical practice. The role of the other markers still needs to be validated. The ongoing benefit of anti-EGFR therapy could be indicated by specific clinical parameters measured after the initiation of targeted therapy, including early tumor shrinkage, the deepness of the response, or hypomagnesemia. The accuracy of predictive diagnostic tools could be also increased by examining a combination of predictive markers using next generation sequencing methods. However, unjustified investigation of many molecular markers should be resisted as this may complicate interpretation of the results, particularly in terms of their specific clinical relevance. Aim: The aim of this review is to describe current possibilities with respect to predicting responses to EGFR blockade in the context of the EGFR pathway, and the utilization of such results in routine clinical practice. Key words: colorectal cancer – cetuximab – panitumumab – EGFR – KRAS – BRAF The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 20. 3. 2016 Accepted: 19. 4. 2016
- MeSH
- analýza přežití MeSH
- erbB receptory * antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- exantém MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy genetika MeSH
- fosfohydroláza PTEN genetika MeSH
- genetické testování * MeSH
- kolorektální nádory * genetika terapie MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metastázy nádorů genetika MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery MeSH
- nedostatek hořčíku MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny B-raf genetika MeSH
- ras proteiny * genetika MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
... Downs Attitude function 14 On the Functional Value of Attitudes: The Influence of Accessible Attitudes ... ... Freedman & Scott C. ... ... Hogg, Sarah C. ... ... hypothesis 68 The Extended Contact Effect: Knowledge of Cross-Group Friendships and Prejudice Stephen C ... ... Pauls\' Riot: An Explanation of the Limits of Crowd Action in Terms of a Social Identity Model S. ...
Sage Benchmarks in psychology
1st ed. 4 sv.
Cíl: pomocí pokusů in vitro studovat vliv povrchových vlastností vybraných implantačních materiálů na adherenci některých krevních složek (plazma, sérum) a sledovat vliv těchto adsorbovaných proteinů na povrchu implantátu na adhezi i syntetickou aktivitu kultivovaných osteoblastů. Metodika: U zvolených materiálů : titan leptaný (Ti-Etch), titan plazma-sprayovaný (Ti-PlaSpray), titan s hydroxyapatitovou vrstvou (Ti-HA), a uhlíkový kompozit (C/C) byly stanoveny fyzikálně-chemické parametry povrchu (drsnost, smáčivost a volná povrchová energie). Jako kontrola sloužil polystyren kultivačních destiček pro tkáňové kultury (TCPS). Biologická úprava materiálů byla provedena pokrytím jednou ze dvou vybraných krevních komponent–plazma nebo sérum. Na materiálech bez pokrytí i s biologickou úpravou byly kultivovány osteoblasty a následně byla z mitochondriální oxidační aktivity monolayeru buněk (MTT test) vyhodnocena jejich proliferace. V získaném kultivačním médiu byla pomocí enzymoimunosorbentní analýzy (ELISA) stanovena aktivita osteoblastů jako hladina kostní alkalické fosfatázy (BAP) a produkce zánětlivých cytokinů (TNF-?, IL-8). Výsledky: Vysoká drsnost implantátů ovlivnila zvýšenou proliferaci u titanových materiálů (Ti-PlaSpray). Nízká proliferace C/C je přičítána téměř nulové hodnotě polární složky povrchové energie. Potažení materiálů aktivovanou plazmou (fibrinovou sítí) vedlo ke vzniku unifikovaného povrchu jak z hlediska proliferace, tak i z hlediska syntetické aktivity. Oproti tomu při potažení implantátů sérem (albuminem) nebyl pozorován takový stimulační efekt na osteoblasty jaký jsme předpokládali. Závěr: Pokrytí vybraných implantačních materiálů aktivovanou plazmou (tj. fibrinovou sítí) vede k vytvoření povrchu s potřebnou rovnováhou mezi mírou proliferace a syntetickou aktivitou osteoblastů jako modelu imunitní odpovědi organizmu na zavedený implantát.
Aim of the study: To study the impact of surface properties of selected implant materials on adherence of some blood components (plasma, serum), and the impact of these proteins, adsorbed on the implant surface, on the adhesion and synthetic activity of cultured osteoblasts using in vitro experiments. Methods: In selected materials such as etched titanium (Ti-Etch), plasma-sprayed titanium (Ti-PlaSpray), titanium with hydroxyapatite layer (Ti-HA), and carbon composite (C/C), the physiochemical parameters were determined (roughness, wettability, and free surface energy). Tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) was used as a control. Biological modification of materials was performed by overlaying of one of two selected blood components – plasma or serum. Osteoblasts were cultured on materials without overlay, as well as materials with biological modification, and consequently, the proliferation of osteoblasts was evaluated due to the mitochondrial oxidation activity of monolayer (MTT assay). In the obtained culture medium, the activity of osteoblasts was determined as the level of bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-?, IL-8) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: High roughness of implants affected the increased proliferation in titanium materials (Ti-PlaSpray). A decreased proliferation of C/C is attributed to almost zero value of polar component of surface energy. Overlaying of materials by activated plasma (fibrin network) led to formation of unified surface in terms of both proliferation and synthetic activity. However, overlaying of implants by serum (albumin) did not have the anticipated stimulatory effect on osteoblasts. Conclusion: Overalying of selected implant materials by activated plasma (i.e. fibrin network) leads to formation of a surface with required balance between the proliferation rate and synthetic activity of osteoblasts as a model of organisms’s immune response to an applied implant. Key words:
- MeSH
- adhezivita MeSH
- cytokiny imunologie MeSH
- ELISA metody využití MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- krevní buňky metabolismus MeSH
- krevní plazma fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osteoblasty metabolismus MeSH
- povrchové napětí MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- protézy a implantáty škodlivé účinky MeSH
- sérum fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- smáčivost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
... -- Appendix C Normal Values and Reference Tables -- Appendix D Exchange List for Meal Planning -- Glossary ... ... These include Learning -- Objectives, Key Terms, Keys to Understanding This -- Chapter, Key Points, Key ... ... Objectives help you set goals for learning the material in the chapter; -- ♦ Key Terms. ... ... This list of important terms is defined in the chapter and in the Glossary. ♦ Keys to Understanding This ... ... Healthcare 1501 -- Appendix C Normal Values and Reference -- Tables 1508 -- Appendix D Exchange List ...
6th ed. xlvi, 1518 s., I-52 : il.
Kachexie je neúmyslný úbytek 5 % z původní hmotnosti pacienta bez otoků vzniklý během 3–12 měsíců v kombinaci s typickými symptomy za přítomnosti chronického onemocnění. Prevalence kardiální kachexie u chronického srdečního selhání je 5–15 %, roční mortalita 20–30 %. Jde o ztrátu libové tělesné hmoty (kosterního svalstva), tělesného tuku a v menší míře i kostní tkáně. Z pohledu patofyziologie jsou přítomny komplexní změny v neurohumorálním a imunologickém stavu, převažuje katabolismus nad anabolismem, jsou aktivovány prozánětlivé cytokiny s klíčovou pozicí tumor nekrotizujícího faktoru α (TNFα). Předpokládá se, že prozánětlivou odpověď indukuje redukce krevního zásobení střeva a edém střevní stěny při kongesci. To usnadňuje permeabilitu pro bakterie a endotoxiny do cirkulace. Je indukován pokles perfuze kosterního svalu, jeho atrofie a abnormální metabolismus myocytů charakterizovaný deplecí sloučenin bohatých na energii (úbytek adenosintrifosfátu, kreatinu a glykogenu), nadbytkem vody, laktátu a poruchou oxidačního metabolismu. Výzkum na úrovni atrofující svalové buňky se v současnosti zaměřuje na ubikvitin-proteasomový systém, růstový diferenciační faktor 15, myostatin a další regulační proteiny svalové buňky. Mezi nejnovější biochemické markery kardiální kachexie, anabolismu/katabolismu a stavu kosterního svalstva patří ghrelin, adiponectin, C-terminální fragment agrinu, růstový diferenciační faktor 15, N-terminální propeptid prokolagenu typu III, myostatin a diluční metoda s D(3)-kreatinem. V léčbě kachexie se za velmi nadějné považují agonisté ghrelinových receptorů (anamorelin), selektivní modulátory androgenních receptorů (enobosarm), některé beta-blokátory (espindolol), probíhá výzkum antagonistů myostatinu. Je prokázán pozitivní vliv aerobní zátěže. Nutriční podpora je doporučována, ale zatím postrádá silná data.
Cachexia is defined as unintended loss of 5% of the original body weight of a patient with edema within 3–12 months in combination with typical symptoms of a chronic disease. Prevalence of cardiac cachexia (CC) in chronic heart failure (CHF) is 5–15%, with an annual mortality rate of 20–30%. The condition involves loss of lean body mass (skeletal muscle), body fat, and, to a lesser extent, also bone tissue. In pathophysiological terms, cachexia is associated with complex alterations in neurohormonal and immunological status, catabolism prevailing over anabolism, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with the key role played by TNF-α. The pro-inflammatory response is believed to be induced by reduced blood supply to the intestine and intestinal wall edema in the presence of congestion facilitating entry of bacteria and endotoxins into the circulation. Other processes include reduced perfusion of the skeletal muscle, its atrophy, and abnormal myocyte metabolism characterized by depletion of energy-rich substances (loss of ATP, creatine, and glycogen), excess of water and lactate, as well as impaired oxidative metabolism. Research at the level of the “atrophising” muscle cell has focused on the ubiquitin–proteasome system, growth differentiation factor-15, myostatin, and other muscle cell regulatory proteins. Novel biomarkers of CC, anabolism/catabolism, and skeletal muscle status include ghrelin, adiponectin, C-terminal agrin fragment, growth differentiation factor-15, N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen, myostatin, and D3-creatine estimated using the dilution method. Promising results in the treatment of cachexia have been reported with ghrelin receptor agonists (anamorelin), selective androgen receptor modulators (enobosarm), and some betablockers (espindolol); research into myostatin antagonists is under way. Aerobic exercise has been shown to have a beneficial effect. Though recommended, no hard data are currently available to document the value of nutritional support.
- MeSH
- adiponektin fyziologie MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- energetický metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- fyziologie výživy MeSH
- ghrelin fyziologie MeSH
- kachexie * diagnóza epidemiologie etiologie farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nutriční podpora MeSH
- pohybová aktivita MeSH
- srdeční selhání * diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY As in orthopedic trauma patients, a hyperinflammatory response due to cytokine release occurs in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection. In these patients, untimely surgical intervention can create more destructive situations in the postoperative period. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effect of COVID-19, trauma and surgical intervention on acute phase reactants' levels in patients with and without COVID-19 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and major fractures requiring surgical treatment were evaluated retrospectively (Group 1). Twenty-four COVID-19 negative patients with similar trauma were included in the study as a control group (Group 2). These two groups were compared in terms of demographic data, time to surgery, total hospitalization time, and preoperative and postoperative acute phase reactants' [C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin, fibrinogen and white blood cell (WBC)] values. RESULTS Time to surgery was 8.3 ± 0.7 days and the total hospital stay was 15.2 ± 0.8 days, in Group 1. These values were determined as 3.3 ± 0.4 and 6.5 ± 0.6 days, respectively for the patients in Group 2 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). When the acute phase reactant values studied during admission were examined, a significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of CRP, D-dimer, ferritin and WBC (p = 0009, p = 0.002, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In the preoperative period, a significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of CRP and ferritin (p = 0.011, p < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference was found only in terms of ferritin from the laboratory values studied in the postoperative period (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION To our knowledge, the present study is the first study which compares and investigates the effects of COVID-19 infection, major fracture and surgical intervention on acute phase reactants' values. Surgical treatment is generally recommended as soon as possible in daily orthopedic practice. However, in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 infection, it remains unclear how long surgical intervention will be delayed after admission and clinical stabilization of patients with a fracture that requires surgical fixation. In a meta-analysis, patients with COVID-19 infection accompanying hip fracture had a mortality rate of 32.6% in the early postoperative period, and the mortality risk of these patients was found to be 5.66 times higher compared to patients without COVID-19 infection. In our study, one patient (4.2%) with COVID-19 infection who underwent partial hip arthroplasty due to femoral neck fracture. CONCLUSIONS The follow-up and treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection with accompanying a major fracture requiring orthopedic surgery is a complex situation. We recommend that acute phase reactants such as CRP, D-dimer, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and ferritin should be closely monitored in these patients during the period from admission to surgery, and surgical intervention should be performed while these values are in remission or decline. Key words: COVID-19, fracture, trauma, acute phase reactants, surgical timing.
... Part II Population 103 -- 5 Population: Measuring Growth and Its Impact 104 -- 6 Population Control: Key ... ... Study 5-2: An Eye on the Experts: Sharpening Your Critical Thinking Skills 123 -- 6 Population Control: Key ... ... 142 -- The Dimensions of Hunger 142 -- Diseases of Malnutrition 142 Declining Food Supplies 143 Long-Term ... ... / John C. Bailar, HI, and Elaine M. ... ... Pest Control 416 -- 18 Hazardous Wastes: Progress and Pollution 423 -- Hazardous Wastes: Coming to Terms ...
3rd.ed. 549 s.
... Key histologic features are described for the common entities including both B-cell and T/NK-cell lineages ... ... Helpful tables are included that outline the key diagnostic features. ... ... Therapy of Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Current Standards and Future Strategies -- C. ... ... of cytotoxic chemotherapy, which can frequently induce remissions but less reliably delivers long-term ... ... transplantation (HSCT) has a valuable role in the management of these conditions and can provide long-term ...
Hematology/oncology clinics of North America, ISSN 0889-8588 vol. 22, no. 5, October 2008
xiv, 781-1097 s. ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- nehodgkinský lymfom genetika klasifikace terapie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- sborníky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- onkologie
... Can Be Produced in Simple, Prebiotic Reactions 20 -- 2.1.2 Uncertainties Obscure the Origins of Some Key ... ... Transformation of -- DNA Information into Functional Molecules 129 -- 5.4.1 Several Kinds of RNA Play Key ... ... of the Transition -- State to Enzymatic Activity 213 -- 8.5.5 Penicillin Irreversibly Inactivates a Key ... ... Many Common Features Underlie the -- Diversity of Biological Membranes 320 -- 12.2 Fatty Acids Are Key ... ... as Superoxide Radical Are Scavenged by Protective Enzymes -- 18.3.7 The Conformation of Cytochrome c ...
5th ed. xvii, 974 s. : il., tab., grafy ; 32 cm
OBJECTIVE: Research indicates that among the many elements of resistance exercise protocols, training volume and total training load are the key factors for post-exercise increase in the secretion of testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and cortisol (C). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance exercises with variable volume and constant intensity and movement tempo on post-exercise concentrations of selected anabolic and catabolic hormones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 28 experienced powerlifters (27.8 ± 2.9 years, with 6.64 ± 1.29 years of training experience, average body mass of 85.3 ± 3.3 kg and body height of 165.8 ± 10.3 cm) who compete at the national and international level performed three repetitions of barbell squats with a constant external load of 90% 1RM and variable volume (3, 6 and 12 sets of squats) in three stages (pre-exercise, immediately post exercise, and 1h after exercise) over three consecutive weeks. Venous blood samples (10ml) were collected from the antecubital vein, to determine pre- and post-exercise values of the following variables T, GH, IGF-1, C, at rest, immediately after the cessation of the last set of squats, and after 60 minutes of recovery. RESULTS: The T test showed that performing 6 and 12 sets resulted in increases of post exercise GH (p<0.01). Performing 6 sets of squats resulted in post exercise decrease (p<0.01) in IGF-1 and C. Performing 3 sets of squats resulted in immediate post exercise decrease of IGF-1 (p<0.01), which was not maintained 1h after exercise. There were no other significant differences in analysed variables, with the training volume of three sets of three repetitions, confirming previous data suggesting that low volume is the limiting factor in increased post-exercise secretion. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that in terms of endocrine response, the optimal volume of high intensity strength exercise is six sets. Therefore, intentionally high volume (12 sets) or low volume (3 sets) are not an effective stimuli for endocrine responses of trained individuals. The 6 sets of squats seems to drive hormonal responses of GH, C and IGF-1, which may play a significant role in stimulating muscle growth and tissue regeneration.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hydrokortison krev MeSH
- insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidský růstový hormon krev MeSH
- odporový trénink * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- testosteron krev MeSH
- vzpírání * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH