Verifying the speaker of a speech fragment can be crucial in attributing a crime to a suspect. The question can be addressed given disputed and reference speech material, adopting the recommended and scientifically accepted likelihood ratio framework for reporting evidential strength in court. In forensic practice, usually, auditory and acoustic analyses are performed to carry out such a verification task considering a diversity of features, such as language competence, pronunciation, or other linguistic features. Automated speaker comparison systems can also be used alongside those manual analyses. State-of-the-art automatic speaker comparison systems are based on deep neural networks that take acoustic features as input. Additional information, though, may be obtained from linguistic analysis. In this paper, we aim to answer if, when and how modern acoustic-based systems can be complemented by an authorship technique based on frequent words, within the likelihood ratio framework. We consider three different approaches to derive a combined likelihood ratio: using a support vector machine algorithm, fitting bivariate normal distributions, and passing the score of the acoustic system as additional input to the frequent-word analysis. We apply our method to the forensically relevant dataset FRIDA and the FISHER corpus, and we explore under which conditions fusion is valuable. We evaluate our results in terms of log likelihood ratio cost (Cllr) and equal error rate (EER). We show that fusion can be beneficial, especially in the case of intercepted phone calls with noise in the background.

• MeSH
• akustika řeči MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lingvistika MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• řeč MeSH
• soudní vědy * metody   MeSH
• support vector machine MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Remodeling of a microvascular network is common part of pathological changes associated with wide spectrum of diseases. Quantitative analysis of these alterations relies often on analysis of a point-pattern on the histological slide, i.e. on sections through the microvascular network only. Common techniques are based on the estimation of the average density of points representing section through microvessels on the histological image. This approach inherently omits the information about the regularity of the pattern. Thus, we used approach based on the Voronoi segmentation and chose the best statistical model of areas of Voronoi cells surrounding microvessels on 20 samples of human myocardium. The best model is based on the log-normal distribution. Parameters of the model for given data can be estimated as a mean and a standard deviation of logarithms of areas of Voronoi cells. Moreover, these parameters can be transformed to the widely used measure called the microvascular density.

The ratio between Na+-Ca2+ exchange current densities in t-tubular and surface membranes of rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (JNaCa-ratio) estimated from electrophysiological data published to date yields strikingly different values between 1.7 and nearly 40. Possible reasons for such divergence were analysed by Monte Carlo simulations assuming both normal and log-normal distribution of the measured data. The confidence intervals CI95 of the mean JNaCa-ratios computed from the reported data showed an overlap of values between 1 and 3, and between 0.3 and 4.3 in the case of normal and log-normal distribution, respectively. Further analyses revealed that the published high values likely result from a large scatter of data due to transmural differences in JNaCa, dispersion of cell membrane capacitances and variability in incomplete detubulation. Taking into account the asymmetric distribution of the measured data, the reduction of mean current densities after detubulation and the substantially smaller CI95 of lower values of the mean JNaCa-ratio, the values between 1.6 and 3.2 may be considered as the most accurate estimates. This implies that 40 to 60% of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger is located at the t-tubular membrane of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

• MeSH
• kardiomyocyty * metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• pumpa pro výměnu sodíku a vápníku MeSH
• sarkolema metabolismus   MeSH
• sodík metabolismus   MeSH
• srdeční komory metabolismus   MeSH
• vápník * metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The distribution of data presented in many electrophysiological studies is presumed to be normal without any convincing evidence. To test this presumption, the cell membrane capacitance and magnitude of inward rectifier potassium currents were recorded by the whole-cell patch clamp technique in rat atrial myocytes. Statistical analysis of the data showed that these variables were not distributed normally. Instead, a positively skewed distribution appeared to be a better approximation of the real data distribution. Consequently, the arithmetic mean, used inappropriately in such data, may substantially overestimate the true mean value characterizing the central tendency of the data. Moreover, a large standard deviation describing the variance of positively skewed data allowed 95% confidence interval to include unrealistic negative values. We therefore conclude that the normality of the electrophysiological data should be tested in every experiment and, if rejected, the positively skewed data should be more accurately characterized by the median and interpercentile range or, if justified (namely in the case of log-normal and gamma data distribution), by the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• buněčná membrána patologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• elektrická kapacitance MeSH
• elektrody MeSH
• elektrofyziologie metody   MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• membránové potenciály MeSH
• normální rozdělení * MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• srdeční síně patologie   MeSH
• svalové buňky fyziologie   MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The RAISE phase III clinical trial demonstrated that ramucirumab + (folinic acid plus 5-fluorouracil plus irinotecan) FOLFIRI significantly improved overall survival (OS) versus placebo + FOLFIRI for second-line metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) patients failing bevacizumab- and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73-0.98, P = 0.022). Post hoc analyses of RAISE patient data examined the association of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) subgroups with efficacy parameters. METHODS: CEA subgroups (≤10 versus >10 ng/ml) were based on 2X upper limit of normal (ULN) (5 ng/ml). The Kaplan-Meier method estimated the median OS and the progression-free survival (PFS). Log-rank test compared the survival distributions within the subgroups. Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) and treatment-by-subgroup interaction p-values were calculated by Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Ramucirumab treatment prolonged survival for the CEA ≤10 subgroup (HR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.50-0.92; P = 0.013) and CEA >10 subgroup (HR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.76-1.07; P = 0.233). However, the ramucirumab OS benefit over placebo was greater for the CEA ≤10 subgroup than for the CEA >10 subgroup (median OS: 3.6 versus 0.8 months greater, respectively). The interaction P-value between CEA level and treatment effect on OS was 0.088. This trend was observed across randomisation strata and to a lesser extent for PFS (P = 0.594). CONCLUSIONS: Although patients in both high- and low-CEA subgroups derive OS and PFS benefits from ramucirumab treatment, the low baseline CEA level may identify a subgroup of patients with mCRC who obtain greater benefit from ramucirumab.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• Kaplanův-Meierův odhad MeSH
• karcinoembryonální antigen metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• nádory rekta farmakoterapie   mortalita   MeSH
• nádory tračníku krev   farmakoterapie   mortalita   MeSH
• protinádorové látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

• MeSH
• informační gramotnost MeSH
• šíření informací MeSH
• zdravotnická komunikace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Výchova a vzdělávání
• NLK Obory
• knihovnictví, informační věda a muzeologie

V súčasnosti celosvetovo sledujeme nárast prevalencie obezity ako jedného z rizikových faktorov kardiovaskulárnych chorôb nielen v dospelej populácii, ale už aj u detí a mladistvých. V práci prezentujeme prevalenciu nadváhy a obezity v súbore 2 629 adolescentov (45,8 % chlapcov) vo veku 14–18 rokov a porovnanie vybraných kardiometabolických markerov v skupine s normálnou hmotnosťou a v skupine s nadváhou/obezitou so zreteľom na telesnú zdatnosť a vybrané faktory životného štýlu. Uskutočnili sme základné antropometrické vyšetrenie zamerané na nadváhu/obezitu, celkovú telesnú zdatnosť sme hodnotili pomocou Ruffierovho testu. Z venóznej krvi sa vyšetril kompletný lipidový profil, hladina glykémie, C-reaktívny proteín a homocysteín, z vyšetrených parametrov sme vypočítali hladinu LDL-cholesterolu a aterogénny index plazmy (log TAG/HDL-cholesterol). Merali sme krvný tlak a pokojovú pulzovú frekvenciu, objektívne vyšetrenie doplnilo vyplnenie obsiahleho dotazníka, kde sme sa zamerali najmä na vybrané charakteristiky životného štýlu. V pásme nadváhy/obezity bolo 30,7 % chlapcov (13,1 % obéznych) a 22,9 % dievčat (7,9 % obéznych). Adolescenti s nadváhou/obezitou mali s výnimkou glykémie a hladiny homocysteínu všetky biochemické ukazovatele významne horšie, mali významne vyššie priemerné hodnoty krvného tlaku, rýchlejšiu pokojovú pulzovú frekvenciu (chlapci významne) a horšie ukazovatele telesnej zdatnosti; metabolický syndróm sme zistili u 5,5 % adolescentov s nadváhou/obezitou. V skupine s normálnou hmotnosťou pozorujeme v stravovacom režime častejšiu a pravidelnejšiu konzumáciu jednotlivých denných jedál, významne vyšší priemerný počet jedál denne, nevýznamne dlhšie trvanie týždennej telesnej aktivity, kratší čas venovaný sledovaniu TV a u chlapcov dlhšie trvanie spánku. Výsledky potvrdili horší kardiovaskulárny rizikový profil a výskyt metabolického syndrómu v skupine s nadváhou/obezitou už v adolescentnom veku a potrebu intenzívnej primárnej prevencie a intervencie zameranú najmä na prevenciu obezity už od najmladších vekových skupín.

Increasing prevalence of obesity as one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is currently observed worldwide not only in the adult population, but also amongst children and adolescents. In this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample of 2,629 adolescents (45.8% boys) aged 14–18 years is presented. Selected cardiometabolic markers were compared between a normal-weight group and overweight/obesity group with regard to physical fitness and selected life-style factors. A basic anthropometric examination aimed at overweight/obesity was performed; overall cardio-fitness was evaluated using Ruffier test. Blood lipids, blood glucose, C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels from venous blood samples were analyzed; LDL-cholesterol and plasma atherogenic index (log TG/HDL-cholesterol) were calculated. Blood pressure and heart rate at rest were measured; a comprehensive questionnaire focused mostly on selected lifestyle characteristics completed the examination. In the range of overweight/obesity were 30.7% of boys (13.1% were obese) and 22.9% of girls (7.9% were obese). Adolescents in the range of overweight/obesity had significantly worse biochemical indicators excluding blood glucose and homocysteine levels. This group had significantly higher mean blood pressure, resting heart rate (boys significantly) and greater cardio-fitness insufficiency. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 5.5% of overweight/obese adolescents. More frequent and more regular food consumption daily, significantly higher mean number of meals a day, no significantly extended duration of weekly leisure time physical activity, less time spent watching TV and, in boys, longer sleep duration were observed in the group with normal weight. Our results confirmed higher cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome prevalence in the adolescent overweight/obesity group and the need for intensive primary prevention and intervention aimed in particular at obesity prevention from the youngest age groups onwards.

• MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein metabolismus   MeSH
• homocystein krev   MeSH
• krevní glukóza metabolismus   MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nadváha epidemiologie   MeSH
• obezita * epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• sedavý životní styl * MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• tělesná výkonnost * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

The paper summarizes results of monitoring of (137)Cs activities in game species roaming in the woods over the territory of the Czech Republic for the time interval of 1986-2012. Geometric means and other statistical characteristics were estimated from the data sets on the assumption of log-normal distribution of the data from the time interval 2004-2012 where the character of data distribution had displayed no significant change. Geometric means (in Bq/kg) in meat were: wild boar 5.1, red deer 1.9, roe deer 0.77 and feathered game 0.14. The mean value in the less frequent game amounted to 0.36 Bq/kg. The geometrical standard deviation (GSD) widely varied from 1.6 to 21 for the studied species. Based on mass activity dependence on time, we assessed the effective and environmental half-lives of activity decline. For red deer and roe deer, the effective (137)Cs half-life was 2.9 and 3.2 years, and environmental half-life 3.2 and 3.6 years respectively. The effective half-life of (137)Cs in wild boar of 38 years was determined with large uncertainty and it shows constant influx of (137)Cs activity to the digestive tract of wild boars. A statistically significant season-based (137)Cs level was found in red deer and wild boar. Higher winter and spring activities of (137)Cs in wild boar are linked with decreasing access to naturally occurring food with lower (137)Cs content (chestnuts, acorns, and beech nuts), making boar grub around for ground-deposited food (often for mushrooms with higher activity). Higher winter activities of (137)Cs in red deer meat, most probably, are due to lower access to green diet in winter. The average annual committed effective dose for Czech population based on estimates of game species meat consumption between 2004 and 2012 was insignificant, only 0.03 μSv.

• MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• radioaktivní látky znečišťující půdu analýza   MeSH
• radioizotopy cesia analýza   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Subjects with normal body mass index but high body fat percentage have higher cardiovascular risk than subjects with normal weight and low fat mass. However, the association of fat distribution and lean mass with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) among nonobese apparently healthy individuals has never been assessed. METHODS: In 136 nonobese volunteers (mean age = 45±9 years; 57% women) without manifest cardiovascular disease, cfPWV was measured by applanation tonometry. Fat and lean mass were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, total fat (r = 0.17; P < 0.01), trunk fat (r = 0.27; P < 0.01), and trunk/total fat ratio (r = 0.32; P < 0.01) were correlated with cfPWV. After adjustment for age and mean arterial pressure, only central fat distribution (trunk/total fat ratio) was significantly associated with cfPWV. In the fully adjustment model, there was a significant interaction between fat distribution and lean mass. When the study sample was grouped by fat distribution and total lean mass medians, subjects with central fat distribution and low lean mass (group 4) had higher log-transformed cfPWV than the noncentral fat/low lean mass group (group 2) (0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.86-0.92 vs. 0.85, 95% CI = 0.83-0.87; P < 0.01) or the noncentral fat/high lean mass group (group 1) (0.89, 95% CI = 0.86-0.92 vs. 0.84, 95% CI = 0.81-0.87; P < 0.01) after adjustments. Aortic stiffness increased from group 1 to group 4 (P for linear trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among normal weight individuals without manifest cardiovascular disease, the combination of central fat distribution and low lean mass is associated with higher cfPWV. These factors are more closely related to cfPWV than total fat mass.

• MeSH
• adipozita * MeSH
• analýza pulzové vlny * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• tuhost cévní stěny * MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A series of final twelve propanoyloxy derivatives of 5β-cholan-24-oic acid (O-propanoyl derivatives of cholic acid) as potential drug absorption modifiers (skin penetration enhancers, intestinal absorption promoters) was generated by multistep synthesis. Structure confirmation of all generated compounds was accomplished by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and MS spectroscopy methods. All the prepared compounds were analyzed using RP-TLC, and their lipophilicity (RM) was determined. The hydrophobicity (log P), solubility (log S), polar surface area (PSA) and molar volume (MV) of the studied compounds were also calculated. All the target compounds were tested for their in vitro transdermal penetration effect and as potential intestinal absorption enhancers. The cytotoxicity of all the evaluated compounds was evaluated against normal human skin fibroblast cells. Their anti-proliferative activity was also assessed against human cancer cell lines: T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line and breast adenocarcinoma cell line. One compound showed selective cytotoxicity against human skin fibroblast cells and another compound possessed the highest cytotoxicity against all the tested cell lines. Only one compound expressed anti-proliferative effect on leukemia cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal cells, which should be promising in potential development of new drugs. Most of the target compounds showed minimal anti-proliferative activity (IC50>37 μM), indicating they would have moderate cytotoxicity when administered as chemical absorption modifiers. The relationships between the lipophilicity/polarity and the chemical structure of the studied compounds as well as the relationships between their chemical structure and enhancement effect are discussed in this article.

• MeSH
• buněčná membrána účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
• intestinální absorpce účinky léků   MeSH
• kožní absorpce účinky léků   MeSH
• kyseliny cholové chemie   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• permeabilita účinky léků   MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH