The present research attempted to address a key industry-level question amidst Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) waste throughput and aquaponics limitations controversies. Nutrient throughput of three operational RAS farms with progressive size proportions (16, 130, 1400 m3), aquaculture intensity (24, 62, 86 kg stock m-3) were studied. Results suggest - daily total efflux and potency of nutrients in effluents should not be generalized, extreme variability exists. Consistencies of nutrients in wastewater (except N, Ca and Na) are higher than in sludge. Asynchrony between patterns of nutrient loading and effluent nutrient concentrations exist for secondary macronutrients and micronutrients (S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, B, Mo). Macronutrient output generally increases with increasing farm size and culture intensity but same cannot be said for micronutrients. Deficiency in wastewater can be completely masked using raw or mineralized sludge, usually containing 3-17 times higher nutrient concentrations. RAS effluents (wastewater and sludge combined) contain adequate N, P, Mg, Ca, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni to meet most aquaponic crop needs. K is generally deficient requiring a full-fledged fertilization. Micronutrients B, Mo are partly sufficient and can be easily ameliorated by increasing sludge release. The presumption surrounding 'definite' phyto-toxic Na levels in RAS effluents should be reconsidered - practical solutions available too. No threat of heavy metal accumulation or discharge was observed. Most of the 'well-known' operational influences failed to show any significant predictable power in deciding nutrient throughput from RAS systems. Calibration of nutrient output from operational RAS farms may be primarily focused around six predictors we identified. Despite inherent complexity of effluents, the conversion of RAS farms to semi-commercial aquaponics should not be deterred by nutrient insufficiency or nutrient safety arguments. Incentivizing RAS farm wastes through semi-commercial aquaponics should be encouraged - sufficient and safe nutrients are available.

• MeSH
• farmy MeSH
• odpadní voda MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• vodní hospodářství * MeSH
• živiny * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• antropometrie metody   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy fyziologie   MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• přijímání potravy fyziologie   MeSH
• rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost fyziologie   MeSH
• tloušťka kožní řasy MeSH
• výkonnost fyziologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH

Despite the large number of studies devoted to organic matter dynamics in fluvial ecosystems, the detrital pathways of spring headwater systems remain neglected. In particular, spring wetlands (helocrenes or seepages) might have considerable influence on downstream headwater stream systems due to the alteration of the nutrient and organic matter content of the water. In this study, we examined fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) drained from helocrenic springs to describe its downstream transport. We studied the quantity, nutrient content and physical components of FPOM gathered from the outflowing water using continuous sediment samplers. The nutrient content of local leaf litter deposits, residence time of water in the springs and concentration of dissolved nutrients in spring sources and outflows were also measured to characterize the inputs and outputs of the studied system. The results show that headwater spring wetlands represent a significant source of high-quality FPOM for downstream river networks. The estimated concentration of FPOM (<1000 μm) in the 11 investigated springs was 3.1 ± 2.5 mg.L-1. In general, the FPOM was relatively nutrient-rich (N = 19.25 ± 4.73 mg.L-1; P = 2.04 ± 0.78 mg.L-1; Ca = 9.65 ± 2.63 mg.L-1; S = 4.07 ± 1.16 mg.L-1; C = 278.68 ± 80.81 mg.L-1). The C:N and C:P ratios in the local leaf litter deposits were higher than in FPOM (41.04 ± 14.32 vs. 14.70 ± 2.46 and 591.7 ± 168.83 vs. 154,77 ± 64,73, respectively), indicating that suspended FPOM is more nutritious for consumers. A significant trend in terms of size fractions of FPOM was identified: with decreasing C:N and C:P ratios particle size decreases as well. Overall, the data suggest that the relatively small helocrenes can serve as an organic matter transformers, receiving primary particles and dissolved organic matter, transforming them and favouring their transport downstream. These biotopes may represent a substantial discontinuity of the river continuum at its origin, important for nutrient dynamics and food supply of associated biotic communities.

• MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• organické látky analýza   MeSH
• pevné částice analýza   MeSH
• pohyb vody MeSH
• přírodní prameny chemie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

V práci sme porovnávali viaceré zdravotné a nutrične charakteristiky študentov so zvýšenou telesnou hmotnosťou (149 mužov a 102 žien) a študentov s primeranou telesnou hmotnosťou (601 mužov a 1210 žien). Okrem rozdielov v antropometrických ukazovateloch (BMI, % telesného tuku, WHR) sa preukázali štatisticky významne vyššie hodnoty systolického a diastolického TK, celkového cholesterolu, triacylglycerolov, LDL cholesterolu a indexu aterogenity (CHOL/HDL) v súboroch mužov i žien so zvýšenou hmotnosťou. Studenti s vyššou telesnou hmotnosťou majú horšie stravovacie zvyklosti. Preukázala sa väčšia nenravidelnosť v ich stravovaní, menší počet denných jedál, častejšie konzumovanie údenárskych výrobkov. Muži so zvýšenou hmotnosťou viac pijú kávu, alkoholické nápoje a menej jedia ovocia v porovnaní s neobéznymi mužmi. Porovnanie výsledkov 24-hodinového recallu v súboroch mužov a žien s odlišnou hmotnosťou nepreukázalo významné rozdiely. Priemerný energetický výdaj vypočítaný z udávanej fyzickej aktivity bol u študentov s vyššou telesnou hmotnosťou významne vyšší v porovnaní s neobéznymi študentami. Z vyhodnotenia energetickej bilancie vyplynulo, že študenti s vyššou telesnou hmotnosťou mali nižší nadprxjem energie (muži), resp. vyšší deficit energie (ženy) než študenti s primeranou telesnou hmotnosťou. Korelovanie výživových dát s antropometrickými ukazovateTmi naznačilo možný inverzný vzťah medzi nimi. Perspektívne bude potrebné vo výživových štúdiách pamätať na fenomén podhodnocovania výživovej spotreby, najmä v rizikových populačných skupinách a validizovať výsledky z dietetických záznamov objektívnymi laboratórnymi metódami.

The authors compared several health and nutritional characteristics of overweight students (149 men and 102 women) and students with normál body weight (601 men and 1210 women). In addition to differences in anthropometric indicators (BMI, percentage of body fat, WHR), they found also statistically significantly higher values of systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and the atherogenity index (CHOL/HDL) in the groups of overweight men and women. Overweight students háve poorer dietary habits. They have an irregular eating pattem, a smaller number of daily meals, eat more fi'equently smoked meat products. Overweight men dirink more coffee, alcoholic drinks and eat less fruit as compared with slim men. Comparison of results of 24-hour recalls did not reveal any significant differences between groups of men and women with different body weight. The mean energy output calculated from the reported physical activity was in overweight students significantly higher as compared with non-obese students. From evaluation of the energy balance ensues that students with a higher body weight had a smaller excess energy intake (men) or greater energy deficit (women) than students with a normál body weight. Correlation of dietary data with anthropometric indicators suggested a possible inverse relation between them. Perspectively it will be necessary in dietary surveys to také into account underestimation of the dietary intake, particularly in risk groups and validate the results of dietary records by objective laboratory methods.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy krev   MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• studenti lékařství MeSH
• tělesné váhy a míry MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

It has been confirmed that clock genes, as well as the pineal hormone, have a role in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the circadian endogenous pacemaker. It seems that the peripheral clock genes in the cells of the immune system subtly control biorhythms; their seeming lack of impact only showing that they work well. Some biorhythms even seem to be independent of a light/dark circadian regime. This apparent conflict in the mammalian time structure can be resolved by a two-clocks control model involving: (a) the endogenous gene clock, which is dominant in the neural system and (b) the exogenous clock of the immune system. Interactions between these two clocks can explain both the frequently observed individual differences in circadian rhythms and the subtle role of the peripheral clock genes. The endogenous clock facilitates an alternation in the immune system which counters external attacks in daytime and induces repair and advancement by night.

• MeSH
• apoptóza fyziologie   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• buněčné jadérko fyziologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• epifýza mozková sekrece   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• imunitní systém fyziologie   MeSH
• leukocyty cytologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• melatonin fyziologie   MeSH
• melatoninové receptory fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroimunomodulace fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• nucleus suprachiasmaticus fyziologie   MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• proteiny CLOCK MeSH
• savci fyziologie   MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• trans-aktivátory fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

High-salt diets are a major cause of hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) disease. Many governments are interested in using food salt reduction programs to reduce the risk for salt-induced increases in blood pressure and CV events. It is assumed that reducing the salt concentration of processed foods will substantially reduce mean salt intake in the general population. However, contrary to expectations, reducing the sodium density of nearly all foods consumed in England by 21% had little or no effect on salt intake in the general population. This may be due to the fact that in England, as in other countries including the U.S.A., mean salt intake is already close to the lower normal physiologic limit for mean salt intake of free-living populations. Thus, mechanism-based strategies for preventing salt-induced increases in blood pressure that do not solely depend on reducing salt intake merit attention. It is now recognized that the initiation of salt-induced increases in blood pressure often involves a combination of normal increases in sodium balance, blood volume and cardiac output together with abnormal vascular resistance responses to increased salt intake. Therefore, preventing either the normal increases in sodium balance and cardiac output, or the abnormal vascular resistance responses to salt, can prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure. Suboptimal nutrient intake is a common cause of the hemodynamic disturbances mediating salt-induced hypertension. Accordingly, efforts to identify and correct the nutrient deficiencies that promote salt sensitivity hold promise for decreasing population risk of salt-induced hypertension without requiring reductions in salt intake.

• MeSH
• hypertenze * chemicky indukované   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• kuchyňská sůl škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sodík MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• nutrigenomika MeSH
• výživová politika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NLK Obory
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa

V živých organismech probíhá trvalá výměna látek a energie - metabolismus, který je základní podmínkou zachování existence organismu. Přívod látek a energie musí být v rovnováze s jejich výdejem. Tuto funkci plní trávicí soustava. Trávicí ústrojí má v látkové výměně dva úkoly: mechanicky a chemicky zpracovat potravu a upravené látky vstřebat.

Metabolism or ongoing exchange of energy and nutrients is necessary to sustain life. The intake of nutrients and energy should be in balance with their output. This process is regulated by the digestive system through mechanical and chemical processing of the food and absorption of the nutrients.

• Klíčová slova
• ošetřovatelský plán,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• gastritida MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ošetřovatelská diagnóza využití   MeSH
• ošetřovatelská péče MeSH
• žaludeční vředy MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie sportovní výživy MeSH
• fyziologie MeSH
• sporty fyziologie   MeSH
• tělovýchovné lékařství MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NLK Obory
• fyziologie
• tělovýchovné lékařství
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

INTRODUCTION: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients that humans obtain from their diet, primarily through fish oil consumption. However, fish oil production is no longer sustainable. An alternative approach is to produce PUFAs through marine microalgae. Despite the potential of algae strains to accumulate high concentrations of PUFAs, including essential fatty acids (EFAs), many aspects of PUFA production by microalgae remain unexplored and their current production outputs are frequently suboptimal. METHODS: In this study, we optimized biomass and selected ω-3 PUFAs production in two strains of algae, Schizochytrium marinum AN-4 and Schizochytrium limacinum CO3H. We examined a broad range of cultivation conditions, including pH, temperature, stirring intensity, nutrient concentrations, and their combinations. RESULTS: We found that both strains grew well at low pH levels (4.5), which could reduce bacterial contamination and facilitate the use of industrial waste products as substrate supplements. Intensive stirring was necessary for rapid biomass accumulation but caused cell disruption during lipid accumulation. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) yield was independent of cultivation temperature within a range of 28-34°C. We also achieved high cell densities (up to 9 g/L) and stable DHA production (average around 0.1 g/L/d) under diverse conditions and nutrient concentrations, with minimal nutrients required for stable production including standard sea salt, glucose or glycerol, and yeast extract. DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate the potential of Schizochytrium strains to boost industrial-scale PUFA production and make it more economically viable. Additionally, these results may pave the way for smaller-scale production of essential fatty acids in a domestic setting. The development of a new minimal culturing medium with reduced ionic strength and antibacterial pH could further enhance the feasibility of this approach.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH