Cíl studie: posoudit schopnost strukturální analýzy terče zrakového nervu (ZN) pomocí Heidelberskéhoretinálníhotomografu (HRT),detekovat glaukomové změny ZN a nalézt topografické parametry, které jsou glaukomem nejvíce ovlivněny a které jsou významné pro časnou diagnostiku glaukomatózních změn ZN. Metodika: 68 zdravých očí (kontrolní soubor) a 42 očí s glaukomem otevřeného úhlu (studovaný soubor) osob nad 35 let bylo vyšetřeno pomocí laserové skenovací tomografie (HRT II). Ve studii byly sledovány tyto topografické parametry terče ZN: plocha disku, exkavace a neuroretinálního lemu, objem exkavace a neuroretinálníholemu, cup/discarea ratio,průměrnáhloubkaexkavace,maximálníhloubka exkavace, průměrná tloušťka vrstvy nervových vláken sítnice, plocha průřezu vrstvy nervových vláken sítnice, rozdíl mezi nejvyšším a nejnižším místem na sítnici podle konturní linie (height variation contour), hodnota pro 3D tvar oblasti pod referenční rovinou (cup shape measure) a diskriminační funkce dle F. S. Mikelberga a R. Burka používané pro klasifikaci nálezu na ZN. Statistickou analýzou byla testována významnost rozdílů těchto parametrů u zdravých očí a očí s glaukomem otevřeného úhlu pro celou oblast terče ZN a v 6 sektorech terče. Dále byla zjišťována významnost závislosti hodnot topografických parametrů na věku. Výsledky: Významné rozdíly topografických parametrů pro celou plochu terče mezi kontrolním a studovaným souborem byly nalezeny u těchto parametrů: objem neuroretinálního lemu, průměrná tloušťka vrstvy nervových vláken sítnice, plocha průřezu vrstvy nervových vláken sítnice a diskriminační funkce FSM. Významné rozdíly byly nalezeny i mezi jednotlivými sektory terče ZN, s výjimkou sektoru temporálního horního a nazálního horního. Nejčastěji odlišným parametrem mezi oběma soubory byl objem neuroretinálního lemu. Významná závislost topografických parametrů terče na věku byla zjištěna u těchto parametrů: plocha neuroretinálního lemu, cup shapemeasure a průměrná tloušťka vrstvy nervových vláken sítnice. Závěr: Výsledky naší studie ukázaly, že HRT je schopno rozlišit normální a patologický nález na ZN na základě topografických parametrů terče zrakového nervu významně odlišných mezi oběma testovanými soubory. Tyto parametry jsou důležité pro stanovení diagnózy glaukomu a při longitudinálním sledování pacientů s glaukomem otevřeného úhlu s ohledem na progresi tohoto onemocnění.

Purpose: Assess the possibilities of structural analysis of the optic nerve head by Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and its use in detection of glaucomatous changes of the optic nerve in particular. Indicate the topographical parameters that are most influenced by glaucoma and are therefore vital in early diagnosis of glaucomatous changes of the optic nerve. Patients and methods: Laser scanning tomography (HRT II) was used to examine 68 healthy eyes (control group) and 42 eyes with open angle glaucoma (study group). All the examined subjects were older than 35 years of age. The analysis concerned the following topographical parameters of the optic nerve head: disc area, cup area and rim area, cup volume, rim volume, cup/disc area ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), RNFL cross sectional area, height variation contour and cup shape measure and discriminant functions used for classification of the optic nerve head finding according to F. S. Mikelberg and R. Burk. Statistical analysis was employed to ascertain the significant difference in these topographical parameters for the healthy eyes and the eyes with glaucoma. This method was used for both the whole optic disc and the 6 sectors of the optic nerve head. Another aim of the analysis was also to find out the correlation between the topographical parameters and age. Results: Significant difference in the topographical parameters for thewhole optic disc was spotted in the following parameters: rim volume, mean RNFL thickness, RNFLcross sectional area and discriminant functionFSM. Significant differences were also found in between individual sectors of the optic nerve head, except for the upper temporal and upper nasal sector. The parameter, which varied most frequently between the groups, was rim volume. Significant correlations between age and topographical parameters were found forthe following parameters: rim area, cup shape measure and mean RNFL thickness. Conclusion: Results of our study showed, that HRT is able to distinguish between normal and the pathological findings of optic nerve head according to topographical parameters significantly different between the two examined groups. These parameters are important in the diagnosis of glaucoma and also in the follow-up of patients with open angle glaucoma.

• MeSH
• anatomie topografická MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervus opticus anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tomografie metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zraková pole MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Interpretable machine learning (ML) for early detection of cancer has the potential to improve risk assessment and early intervention. METHODS: Data from 261 proteins related to inflammation and/or tumor processes in 123 blood samples collected from healthy persons, but of whom a sub-group later developed squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT), were analyzed. Samples from people who developed SCCOT within less than 5 years were classified as tumor-to-be and all other samples as tumor-free. The optimal ML algorithm for feature selection was identified and feature importance computed by the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Five popular ML algorithms (AdaBoost, Artificial neural networks [ANNs], Decision Tree [DT], eXtreme Gradient Boosting [XGBoost], and Support Vector Machine [SVM]) were applied to establish prediction models, and decisions of the optimal models were interpreted by SHAP. RESULTS: Using the 22 selected features, the SVM prediction model showed the best performance (sensitivity = 0.867, specificity = 0.859, balanced accuracy = 0.863, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [ROC-AUC] = 0.924). SHAP analysis revealed that the 22 features rendered varying person-specific impacts on model decision and the top three contributors to prediction were Interleukin 10 (IL10), TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 (TRAF2), and Kallikrein Related Peptidase 12 (KLK12). CONCLUSION: Using multidimensional plasma protein analysis and interpretable ML, we outline a systematic approach for early detection of SCCOT before the appearance of clinical signs.

• MeSH
• jazyk MeSH
• krevní proteiny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory jazyka * diagnóza   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * diagnóza   MeSH
• strojové učení MeSH
• ubikvitinligasy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Infections caused by anaerobes are common in children. However, limited data are available on bloodstream infections caused by these bacteria in Europe. A multicentre retrospective observational study was conducted over a 4-year period (2020-2023) across 44 European hospitals to analyze all anaerobes isolated from blood cultures. The study examined the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of anaerobes identified in paediatric patients, comparing the findings with those observed in adults. Among the 14,527 total anaerobic isolates, 186 (1.3%) were detected from paediatric patients. These were predominantly Gram-positive (70%) and Gram-negative (22%) bacilli. The most prevalent species in paediatric patients were Cutibacterium acnes (24.7%), Schaalia odontolytica (9.7%), Actinomyces oris (8.1%), and Bacteroides fragilis (7.5%). Relative feature importance based on the mean SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values distinguished paediatric patients and adults based on their antibiotic resistance patterns with high accuracy. Compared to those from adult patients, Gram-positive bacilli detected in paediatric samples displayed higher resistance rates for meropenem (15% vs. 9%), metronidazole (52% vs. 24%), and vancomycin (27% vs. 6%), and lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (11% vs. 17%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (9% vs. 17%), and clindamycin (30% vs. 36%). Gram-negative bacilli in paediatric samples displayed lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (18% vs. 29%), piperacillin/tazobactam (26% vs. 33%), and clindamycin (20% vs. 27%), and they were highly susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, and metronidazole as those detected in adult patients. Bacteroides species detected in paediatric and adult patients displayed high resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam (33% vs. 39%) and clindamycin (38% vs. 29%), while they were highly susceptible to metronidazole. Compared to those from adult samples, Cutibacterium acnes in paediatric patients displayed lower resistance to benzylpenicillin (none vs. 15%) and clindamycin (17% vs. 29%). The comparison of species and susceptibility profiles of anaerobes detected in paediatric and adult patients highlighted the importance of reporting antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance data by age group.

• MeSH
• anaerobní bakterie * účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• bakteriemie * mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kultivační vyšetření krve MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medications are frequently prescribed to older residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs) despite their limited efficacy and considerable safety risks. While discontinuation of these drugs might help reduce their associated morbidity, the impact of stopping antipsychotics on the risk of hospitalization has not been studied yet. The study aimed at estimating the effect of antipsychotic discontinuation on the risk of hospitalization in older LTCF residents and at identifying relevant factors influencing such effect. METHODS: For this registry-based retrospective cohort study, data from a cohort of older LTCF residents in Finland from the years 2014 to 2018 was analyzed. Data sources were the Resident Assessment Instrument for Long-Term Care (RAI-LTC) based comprehensive geriatric assessments and the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. For the initial cohort, 5467 users of antipsychotic medications with at least four assessments, each conducted 6 months apart, were selected. Residents were defined either as discontinuing, if antipsychotics were prescribed at the first two assessments but not at the last two, or as chronic users, if antipsychotics were prescribed at all four assessments. Causal machine learning (ML) methods including double machine learning (DML), double robust (DR), X-learner, and causal forest (CF) were applied to estimate the effect of antipsychotic discontinuation on the risk of hospitalization and to identify factors influencing such effect. The follow-up time was 1 year. The methods of SHAP values (SHapley Additive exPlanations), partial dependence plots (PDP), and surrogate models were used for model interpretation. RESULTS: Nearly 43% of residents in the study discontinued antipsychotic medications. Antipsychotic discontinuation lowered the probability of hospitalization of about 12% (average treatment effect, ATE). The individual treatment effect (ITE) estimations ranged from - 30% to + 1%. The use of restraints, age, and functional impairment were relevant variables in all ITE models in influencing the predicted ITE. CONCLUSIONS: Antipsychotic discontinuation may decrease the likelihood of hospitalization among older LTCF residents, benefiting most users of these drugs. Promoting antipsychotic discontinuation may prevent hospitalizations and reduce morbidity and mortality in long-term care.

• MeSH
• antipsychotika * terapeutické užití   aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dlouhodobá péče * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hospitalizace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• strojové učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Finsko MeSH

Adult flies of the genus Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae), especially S. pullus Austen, 1909, S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 and S. indicus Picard, 1908, are morphologically similar and sometimes difficult to distinguish when using external morphological characteristics. These species may act as vectors and/or potential vectors of many pathogens (virus, bacteria and protozoa). Their correct identification is important to target the vectors involved in the transmission of the pathogens and also helps in the fly control program.The aim of the present study was to distinguish three species which are difficult to separate using traditional diagnostic characters for species of Stomoxys such as colour patterns and body proportions. Modern morphometrics, both landmark and outline-based, was used to access wing geometry of S. pullus, S. uruma and S. indicus. A total of 198 and 190 wing pictures were analysed for landmark- and outline-based approaches, respectively. Wing shape was able to separate species and sexes of the three Stomoxys flies with highly significant difference of Mahalanobis distances. The cross-validated classification scores ranged from 76% to 100% for landmark and 77% to 96% for outline-based morphometrics. The geometry of wing features appears to be a very useful, low-cost tool to distinguish among the vectors S. pullus, S. uruma and S. indicus.

• MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• entomologie metody   normy   MeSH
• Muscidae anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie MeSH

The utility of inter simple sequence repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) assay in the genetic characterisation and elucidation of the phylogenetic relationship of different microsporidian isolates infecting tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury, is demonstrated. A total of 22 different microsporidians collected from the diseased tasar silkworms from Jharkhand state of India were analysed using morphological characters and ISSR-PCR. Observations spores under phase contrast microscope revealed oval to elongate in shape with length ranging from 3.8 μm to 5.1 μm and width from 2.6 μm to 3.3 μm. All the microsporidian isolates except MIJ-1gC showed gonadal infection and transovarial transmission in infected tasar silkworms. Fourteen out of 20 ISSR primers tested generated reproducible profiles and yielded a total of 281 fragments, of which 273 were polymorphic (97%). The degree of banding pattern was used to evaluate genetic distances and for phylogenetic analysis. The results demonstrated that ISSR analysis may be a useful and efficient tool for taxonomical grouping and phylogenetic classification of different microsporidians in general.

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky molekulární MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• Microsporidia * genetika   izolace a purifikace   klasifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• můry * parazitologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza MeSH
• spory klasifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

During a survey the occurrence of Kudoa quraishii Mansour, Harrath, Abd-Elkader, Alwasel, Abdel-Baki et Al Omar, 2014, recently identified in the muscles of the Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier), a species of Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 infecting oocytes of mature females of the same host fish was found. The new species, for which the name Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. is proposed, infects oocytes that are enlarged with a whitish colour. The parasite develops in vesicular polysporous plasmodia within the oocyte. Infection occurs with a mean prevalence of 20% (7/35) of examined females. Mature spores are quadratic in shape in apical view, having four equal valves and four symmetrical polar capsules. Fresh spores are 2.4-3.6 µm long (mean ± SD 3.1 ± 0.3 µm), 4.3-5.4 µm (4.7 ± 0.3 µm) wide and 3.4-4.3 µm (3.8 ± 0.3 µm) in thickness and long. The smaller size of the new Kudoa species was the distinctive feature that separates it from all previously described species. Molecular analysis based on the SSU rDNA sequences shows that the highest percentage of similarity of 98.5% was observed with K. ovivora Swearer et Robertson, 1999, reported from oocytes of labroid fish from the Caribbean coasts of Panama. The percentage of similarity was 98% with K. azevedoi Mansour, Thabet, Chourabi, Harrath, Gtari, Al Omar et Ben Hassine, 2013 and 89% with K. quraishii. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU and LSU rDNA data revealed a consistent of the new species with K. azevedoi and K. ovivora. Our findings support the creation of Kudoa saudiensis sp. n. that infects oocytes of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• histologické techniky MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• Myxozoa * anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• oocyty parazitologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Perciformes * parazitologie   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA metody   MeSH
• spory cytologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Arábie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Prognostic machine learning research in multiple sclerosis has been mainly focusing on black-box models predicting whether a patients' disability will progress in a fixed number of years. However, as this is a binary yes/no question, it cannot take individual disease severity into account. Therefore, in this work we propose to model the time to disease progression instead. Additionally, we use explainable machine learning techniques to make the model outputs more interpretable. METHODS: A preprocessed subset of 29,201 patients of the international data registry MSBase was used. Disability was assessed in terms of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). We predict the time to significant and confirmed disability progression using random survival forests, a machine learning model for survival analysis. Performance is evaluated on a time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic and the precision-recall curves. Importantly, predictions are then explained using SHAP and Bellatrex, two explainability toolboxes, and lead to both global (population-wide) as well as local (patient visit-specific) insights. RESULTS: On the task of predicting progression in 2 years, the random survival forest achieves state-of-the-art performance, comparable to previous work employing a random forest. However, here the random survival forest has the added advantage of being able to predict progression over a longer time horizon, with AUROC >60% for the first 10 years after baseline. Explainability techniques further validated the model by extracting clinically valid insights from the predictions made by the model. For example, a clear decline in the per-visit probability of progression is observed in more recent years since 2012, likely reflecting globally increasing use of more effective MS therapies. CONCLUSION: The binary classification models found in the literature can be extended to a time-to-event setting without loss of performance, thus allowing a more comprehensive prediction of patient prognosis. Furthermore, explainability techniques proved to be key to reach a better understanding of the model and increase validation of its behaviour.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• progrese nemoci * MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• ROC křivka MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * patofyziologie   MeSH
• strojové učení * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Representatives of Ligophorus Euzet et Suriano, 1977 were found on the gills of Mugil liza Valenciennes caught in southern Brazil. They were identified as Ligophorus uruguayense Failla Siquier et Ostrowski de Núñez, 2009 and Ligophorus saladensis Marcotegui et Martorelli, 2009, even though specific identification proved to be difficult due to inconsistencies in some diagnostic features reported for these two species. Therefore, a combined morphological and molecular approach was used to critically review the validity of these species, by means of phase contrast and confocal fluorescence microscopical examination of sclerotised hard parts, and assessing the genetic divergence between L. saladensis, L. uruguayense and their congeners using rDNA sequences. The main morphological differences between the two species relate to the shape of the accessory piece of the penis and the median process of the ventral bar. The accessory piece in L. uruguayense is shorter than in L. saladensis, has a cylindrical, convex upper lobe and straight lower lobe (vs with the distal tip of the lower lobe turning away from the upper lobe in the latter species). The ventral bar has a V-shaped anterior median part in L. uruguayense (vs U-shaped in L. saladensis). The two species are suggested to be part of a species complex together with L. mediterraneus Sarabeev, Balbuena et Euzet, 2005. We recommend to generalise such comparative assessment of species of Ligophorus for a reliable picture of the diversity and diversification mechanisms within the genus, and to make full use of its potential as an additional marker for mullet taxonomy and systematics.

• MeSH
• fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mikroskopie fázově kontrastní MeSH
• mikroskopie metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Smegmamorpha * parazitologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Trematoda * anatomie a histologie   genetika   klasifikace   MeSH
• žábry parazitologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH

Biomechanics is one of the branches of science contributing significantly not only to increasing our knowledge of the development of living systems but also to our understanding of the relevant laws of mechanics and their mechanical functions. Important anatomical and biomechanical data as related to the individual functions of the organism and their biomechanical significance are focussed on in this publication. The locomotor and circulatory apparatus and the identification of the mechanical properties of living tissue and materials used in osteosynthesis and alloarthroplasty are among the fields covered. The phenomena observed in the cardiovascular system are described using the basic equation of motion of viscous fluids. Suitable hydraulic models are proposed for investigation and testing of vascular grafts, artificial cardiac valves and artificial heart. Important research data are presented about biomechanical structures of the locomotoric apparatus, and joint rheology. A section is included presenting the fundamentals of the biomechanical analysis in criminology and in bioballistics.

• Klíčová slova
• systém kardiovaskulární - biomechanika - texty učební postgraduální,

• Konspekt
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NLK Obory
• fyzika, biofyzika
• fyziologie
• kardiologie
• angiologie