BackgroundTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vaccine-preventable disease involving the central nervous system. TBE became a notifiable disease on the EU/EEA level in 2012.AimWe aimed to provide an updated epidemiological assessment of TBE in the EU/EEA, focusing on spatiotemporal changes.MethodsWe performed a descriptive analysis of case characteristics, time and location using data of human TBE cases reported by EU/EEA countries to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control with disease onset in 2012-2020. We analysed data at EU/EEA, national, and subnational levels and calculated notification rates using Eurostat population data. Regression models were used for temporal analysis.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2020, 19 countries reported 29,974 TBE cases, of which 24,629 (98.6%) were autochthonous. Czechia, Germany and Lithuania reported 52.9% of all cases. The highest notification rates were recorded in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia (16.2, 9.5 and 7.5 cases/100,000 population, respectively). Fifty regions from 10 countries, had a notification rate ≥ 5/100,000. There was an increasing trend in number of cases during the study period with an estimated 0.053 additional TBE cases every week. In 2020, 11.5% more TBE cases were reported than predicted based on data from 2016 to 2019. A geographical spread of cases was observed, particularly in regions situated north-west of known endemic regions.ConclusionA close monitoring of ongoing changes to the TBE epidemiological situation in Europe can support the timely adaption of vaccination recommendations. Further analyses to identify populations and geographical areas where vaccination programmes can be of benefit are needed.

• MeSH
• klíšťová encefalitida * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• virové vakcíny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Německo MeSH

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This is a summary of a paper published in a medical journal that describes the results of a study called CheckMate 274. This study looked at a new treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial cancer, a type of cancer found in the urinary tract that has spread from the inner lining of the urinary tract or bladder and into the surrounding muscle wall where it can then spread to other parts of the body. The standard treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial cancer is surgery to remove affected parts of the urinary tract. However, cancer returns in more than half of people after this surgery. Adjuvant therapy is given to people after surgery with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer with a goal to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back; however, at the time this study started, there was no standard adjuvant treatment. WHAT HAPPENED IN THE STUDY?: In the CheckMate 274 study, researchers compared nivolumab with a placebo as an adjuvant treatment for people with muscle-invasive urothelial cancer. The aim of the study was to understand how well nivolumab worked to reduce the chance of the cancer returning after surgery. The study also looked at what side effects (unwanted or unexpected results or conditions that are possibly related to the use of a medication) people had with treatment. WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN?: The results showed that people who received nivolumab versus placebo: Survived longer before the cancer was detected again, including people who had programmed death ligand-1 (shortened to PD-L1) on their cancer cells. Survived longer before a secondary cancer outside of the urinary tract was detected. Experienced no differences in health-related quality of life (the impact of the treatment on a person's mental and physical health). Had similar side effects to the people who received nivolumab in other studies. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02632409 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

• MeSH
• imunoterapie metody   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory močového měchýře * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• nádory svalů * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• nivolumab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• svaly MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Last time the world faced a deadly pandemic was the H1N1 Spanish flu in 1918, which affected almost one-third of the world's population (500 million people). Since then, almost 100 years later, we are now facing another pandemic of the SARS-CoV2 virus (COVID-19), which is still endemic to this day. As the technology evolved during those 100 years, an effective vaccine for COVID-19 was produced within only a year, a huge feat. But, unfortunately, due to its fast development, another force would arise limiting the impact of the vaccine: vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaxxers, which John Hopkins and the World Health Organization call the biggest current threat to global health. From politics to social media, it is clear that there has been a rapid spread of misinformation, resulting in hesitancy, especially from sociopolitically motivated people popularly referred to as anti-vaxxers. However, a second group of vaccine-hesitant people have also emerged, who are uneducated and remain undecided about vaccination mostly due to safety concerns. They come under the massive influence of anti-vaxxers and anti-vaccine propaganda through social media and politicians, which often make bold claims and huge headlines. To combat vaccine hesitancy, it is crucial that we debunk these conspiracy theories and misinformation that so many believe in, with factual, data-based information. Actively spreading correct information about the vaccines, such as disclosing the rigorous developmental processes and validation of safety data by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), assurance for the unlikeliness of getting a lethal side effect along with tremendous health benefits, will encourage people for safe vaccination against COVID-19 and other potential infectious diseases in the future. This article discusses the role of anti-vaxxers and vaccine-hesitant groups, electronic social media, and politics in vaccine hesitancy among people. It describes the strategies to combat the roadblocks in the vaccination programmes and health benefits, offered by recent advances in scientific and technological developments.

• MeSH
• chřipka lidská * MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odkládání očkování MeSH
• pandemie španělské chřipky 1918-1919 * MeSH
• pandemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led to substantial changes in systemic treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). For patients whose metastases respond to upfront ICI therapy, deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) may confer a survival advantage. Further data from ongoing trials are awaited regarding the role of deferred versus immediate CN for mRCC in the ICI era. PATIENT SUMMARY: The first-line treatment currently recommended for kidney cancer that has spread to other sites is immunotherapy. For patients who experience a good response to this treatment, surgical kidney removal to control the primary tumor may have a survival benefit. More evidence from clinical trials is needed to confirm the efficacy of this approach.

• MeSH
• cytoredukční chirurgie MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů terapeutické užití   MeSH
• karcinom z renálních buněk * farmakoterapie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory ledvin * farmakoterapie   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• nefrektomie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of diseases that share a common trait of elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers this level by promoting glucose utilization, thus avoiding short- and long-term organ damage due to the elevated blood glucose level. A patient with diabetes uses an insulin pump to dose insulin. The pump uses a controller to compute and dose the correct amount of insulin to keep blood glucose levels in a safe range. Insulin-pump controller development is an ongoing process aiming at fully closed-loop control. Controllers entering the market must be evaluated for safety. We propose an evaluation method that exploits an FDA-approved diabetic patient simulator. The method evaluates a Cartesian product of individual insulin-pump parameters with a fine degree of granularity. As this is a computationally intensive task, the simulator executes on a distributed cluster. We identify safe and risky combinations of insulin-pump parameter settings by applying the binomial model and decision tree to this product. As a result, we obtain a tool for insulin-pump settings and controller safety assessment. In this paper, we demonstrate the tool with the Low-Glucose Suspend and OpenAPS controllers. For average ± standard deviation, LGS and OpenAPS exhibited 1.7 ± 0.6% and 3.2 ± 1.8% of local extrema (i.e., good insulin-pump settings) out of all the entire Cartesian products, respectively. A continuous region around the best-discovered settings (i.e., the global extremum) of the insulin-pump settings spread across 4.0 ± 1.1% and 4.1 ± 1.3% of the Cartesian products, respectively.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu * MeSH
• hypoglykemika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inzulin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inzulinové infuzní systémy MeSH
• krevní glukóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Betacoronavirus MeSH
• chřipka lidská MeSH
• COVID-19 MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• infekce dýchací soustavy MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• klinické lékařství MeSH
• koronavirus MERS MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• infekční lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

Období přechodu z letních do podzimních dnů je letos v České republice ve znamení řady konferencí, kdy pořadatelé využívají možnosti opustit on-line platformu a po mnoha měsících se sejít k diskusím osobně. Stejně jako infektologové v Krkonoších, vakcinologové v Hradci Králové a Tatranské Lomnici, se ve dnech 16. až 19. září 2021 sešli pediatři, neonatologové, praktičtí lékaři a imunologové, jak z Čech, tak ze Slovenska, a to ve Zlatých horách, na svém tradičním akreditovaném letos již sedmnáctém semináři. Zcela logickým vyústěním pandemické situace vyvolané šířením viru SARS-CoV-2 bylo pak rozšíření programu o diskusní fórum, které se dotklo jak praktických, tak i teoretických otázek úzce spojených s tímto v současnosti tak aktuálním tématem.

The period of transition from summer to autumn is being marked by a number of conferences in the Czech Republic, with organizers now taking advantage of the opportunity to leave the online platform and meet for in-person discussions. On 16-19 September, 2021, infectologists from the Krkonose Mountains, vaccinologists from Hradec Kralové and Tatranská Lomnica, as well as pediatricians, neonatologists, practitioners and immunologists, both from the Czech Republic and Slovakia, gathered in Zlaté Hory for their 17th annual accredited seminar. Due to the pandemic situation caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, seminar participants concluded that the programme should proceed into a discussion forum, which touched on both practical and theoretical issues closely linked to the pandemic.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• kongresy jako téma MeSH
• pediatrie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• zprávy MeSH

PURPOSE: Encephalitozoon intestinalis affects many physiological processes of host cells to survive, proliferate, and spread to different regions within the body. In this study, the effects of the parasite on host cell apoptosis and proliferation were investigated. METHODS: To determine the impact of the parasite on the host cell apoptosis, changes in the expression profile of genes were investigated with the qPCR array using the Human Apoptosis Panel in infected and non-infected macrophage cells. Also, the rate of apoptosis in the cells was determined by Giemsa staining method. Cell proliferation was determined by measuring the DNA concentration in infected and non-infected cells. RESULTS: The thirty-six of apoptosis-related genes were down-regulated, while 20 of apoptosis-related genes were up-regulated in infected cells compared to uninfected cells. However, there were no significant changes detected in 32 analyzed genes between infected and control groups. E. intestinalis was determined to decrease cell proliferation in U937 macrophage cells. Unexpectedly, Giemsa staining showed an increase in the rate of apoptosis in infected cells. CONCLUSION: Regulated genes after infection are involved in many different biological pathways and various components of the cell. This suggests that the parasite uses highly sophisticated ways to maintain the viability of the cell.

• MeSH
• apoptóza MeSH
• Encephalitozoon * MeSH
• encephalitozoonóza * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• U937 buňky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BackgroundDespite the known circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in Slovakia, no formal entomological surveillance programme has been established there thus far.AimTo conduct contemporaneous surveillance of WNV and USUV in different areas of Slovakia and to assess the geographical spread of these viruses through mosquito vectors. The first autochthonous human WNV infection in the country is also described.MethodsMosquitoes were trapped in four Slovak territorial units in 2018 and 2019. Species were characterised morphologically and mosquito pools screened for WNV and USUV by real-time reverse-transcription PCRs. In pools with any of the two viruses detected, presence of pipiens complex group mosquitoes was verified using molecular approaches.ResultsAltogether, 421 pools containing in total 4,508 mosquitoes were screened. Three pools tested positive for WNV and 16 for USUV. USUV was more prevalent than WNV, with a broader spectrum of vectors and was detected over a longer period (June-October vs August for WNV). The main vectors of both viruses were Culex pipiens sensu lato. Importantly, WNV and USUV were identified in a highly urbanised area of Bratislava city, Slovakias' capital city. Moreover, in early September 2019, a patient, who had been bitten by mosquitoes in south-western Slovakia and who had not travelled abroad, was laboratory-confirmed with WNV infection.ConclusionThe entomological survey results and case report increase current understanding of the WNV and USUV situation in Slovakia. They underline the importance of vector surveillance to assess public health risks posed by these viruses.

• MeSH
• Culex * MeSH
• Culicidae * MeSH
• Flavivirus * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virus západního Nilu * genetika   MeSH
• západonilská horečka * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

One year since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid response measures have been implemented internationally to mitigate the spread of the virus. Following rapid and successful pre-clinical and human trials, several vaccines have been authorised for use across Europe through the European Medicines Agency and national regulatory authorities. Clinical trials have shown promising results including important reductions in disease severity, hospitalisation and mortality. In order to maximise the public health benefit of available vaccines, there is a pressing need to vaccinate a large proportion of the population. Internationally, this has prompted coordination of existing services at enormous scale, and development and implementation of novel vaccination strategies to ensure maximum inoculation over the shortest possible timeframe. Pharmacists are being promoted as healthcare professionals that enhance roll-out of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. This paper aims to summarise current policy and practice in relation to pharmacists' involvement in COVID-19 vaccination in 13 countries across Europe.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• doporučené postupy pro farmaceuty organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• farmaceuti * organizace a řízení   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• role odborníka * MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zdravotní politika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH