Urban Spatial Distribution--changes
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Carabids are considered beneficial arthropods in agroecosystems, where they prey on crop pests or consume weed seeds. Therefore, knowledge of the spatial distribution of carabids in agricultural landscapes is crucial to efficiently manage the ecosystem services that they provide. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution of carabids around arable field-woodlot boundaries in different seasons: (1) early spring, (2) late spring, (3) summer and (4) late autumn. The spatial distribution of carabid abundance (activity-density) and species richness varied seasonally, and the total abundance was highest within arable fields, except in early spring when it peaked at the boundaries. The observed pattern was mainly driven by the spatial distribution of the open-habitat species, which aggregated near the field boundaries during winter and early spring. The open-habitat species penetrated into woodlots during the summer season but occurred almost exclusively outside woodlots in the other sampling periods. The abundance of the forest species was highest within woodlots with the exception of the early spring season, when their abundance peaked at the boundaries. Carabid species richness was highest within arable fields in close proximity to woodlot boundaries with the exception of the summer season, when the total species richness was similar across habitats.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- brouci * MeSH
- časoprostorová analýza * MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Because of their services to agriculture most ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are intensively studied predators of mainly phytophagous pests. The study of the long-term variation in the composition of their communities was stimulated by recent dramatic changes in the abundance of some species. We review and evaluate possible effects of the main causes cited in the literature. Agricultural and habitat changes (particularly urbanization) affect coccinellid abundance, both negatively and positively. In the temperate zone dominant species occur most frequently associated with abundant prey populations on crops, weeds and planted stands of trees resulting from human activity. Invasive non-native species of coccinellids may endanger native species through intraguild predation or competition for resources, but their supposed serious negative effects on native species can differ considerably. Climatic change may influence coccinellid species in several ways, including indirect effects through lower trophic levels and desynchronisation of the phenologies of host plants, prey and coccinellid populations. In the near future we do not expect climate warming to have important effects on ladybird diversity globally, but local changes in the composition of coccinellid communities and abundance of particular species could occur.
Cieľom štúdie bolo zistiť rozdiely v duševnom zdraví žiakov v meste a na vidieku. V prieskume domácej a zahraničnej literatúry sme nezaznamenali podobnú štúdiu, ale viaceré štúdie uvádzajú, že existujú rozdiely v duševnom zdraví a vo výskyte duševných porúch v meste a na vidieku hlavne v dospelej populácii. Viacerí autori uvádzajú, že je potrebné výskum rozšíriť, čo prispeje k objasneniu mnohých súvislostí. Našimi výsledkami chceme prispieť k rozšíreniu poznatkov v tejto oblasti. Výskum bol realizovaný na základných školách a osemročnom gymnáziu v žilinskom regióne. Do výskumu bolo zaradených 406 žiakov šiestych a siedmych ročníkov. Priemerný vek žiakov bol 12,4 roka. Na meranie miery duševného zdravia sa použil dotazník duševného zdravia (GHQ 12), škála emocionálnej rovnováhy (ABS), Rosenbergova škála sebahodnotenia − sebaúcty (SeS) a inventár životných udalostí (LEI). Súčasťou výskumných nástrojov bol formulár s demografickými údajmi, ktorý obsahoval vek, pohlavie, typ školy, ročník/trieda, typ rodiny, typ bývania a vzdelanie rodičov. Zo štatistických metód sa použil Mannov--Whitneyov test a chí-kvadrátový test. Zistil sa signifikantný rozdiel v škále emocionálnej rovnováhy, a to v pozitívnych emóciách, kde viac pozitívnych emócií označili žiaci žijúci v meste v porovnaní so žiakmi na vidieku.V ostatných položkách sa zaznamenal nesignifikantný rozdiel.
The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in mental health of pupils in urban and rural. We have not registered a similar study in the domestic and foreign literature sources, however, the several studies suggested that there were differences in the mental health and the prevalance of mental disorders in urban and rural, especially in the adult population. Several authors argue that it is necessary to expand this research which would help to clarify many causalities. We intend to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in this field with our results. The research was carried out at the primary and eight-grade grammar schools in the Žilina region (Slovak Republik). 406 pupils of 6th and 7th class have participated in the research. The average age of pupils was 12.4 years. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12), the Affect Balance Scale (ABS), the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (SeS) and the Live Event Inventory (LEI) were used in investigating the extent of mental healh. The Demographic data sheet including age, gender, type of school, year/grade, family type, type of living and education of parents was created as a part of research tools. Mann-Whitney and Chi Square test were applied as a statistical method. A significant difference was found in the Emotional Balance Scale, namely in the Positive Emotions, where the pupils living in urban marked more Positive Emotions in comparison with those living in rural. No significant difference was found in the remaining items.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická MeSH
- bydlení MeSH
- charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- duševní zdraví * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- neparametrická statistika MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychologické testy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- rozdělení chí kvadrát MeSH
- sebezhodnocení (psychologie) MeSH
- školy MeSH
- sociální prostředí MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- společenská třída MeSH
- testování osobnosti MeSH
- venkovské obyvatelstvo statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdraví ve městech * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdraví venkovských oblastí * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- životní změny MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- MeSH
- arterioskleróza krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipoproteiny analýza krev MeSH
- menopauza krev MeSH
- menstruace krev MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Estonsko MeSH
- Rusko (před 1917) MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of physical factors of apartments, educational attainment, nationality and unemployment on the number and distribution of bed bug call inquiries in Budapest, Hungary. METHODS: Educational attainment, apartment conditions, the level of unemployment, the ratio of dependent people in the households, nationality and proportion of dependent people were selected as regressors. Monthly ambient temperature values were correlated with monthly call inquiry numbers. RESULTS: Downtown units showed the highest call inquiry rates. Significant positive correlations were found between the call inquiry rates and the ratio of low educational attainment inhabitants (people with ≤ 8 school classes), the rate of small floor area apartments (apartment area < 29 m2), proportions of the comfortless apartments in the district housing stock and proportion of unemployed people on district level as well as proportion of gypsy inhabitants in the districts. Significant negative correlation was found between the call inquiry rates and the average area (m2) of apartments. The number of call inquiries showed expressed, temperature-depending seasonality between March and December 2015. In multiple regression analyses, the level of unemployment and proportion of gypsy inhabitants showed significant correlations with the rate of bed bug call inquiries. CONCLUSIONS: Apartment conditions, educational attainment, nationality, unemployment, and the city structure have notable influence on the occurrence of bed bug call inquiries on urban level, although the level of unemployment and nationality seem to be the strongest factors. The annual changes of the ambient temperature have effect on the call inquiry rate.
A rapid warming in Himalayas is predicted to increase plant upper distributional limits, vegetation cover and abundance of species adapted to warmer climate. We explored these predictions in NW Himalayas, by revisiting uppermost plant populations after ten years (2003-2013), detailed monitoring of vegetation changes in permanent plots (2009-2012), and age analysis of plants growing from 5500 to 6150 m. Plant traits and microclimate variables were recorded to explain observed vegetation changes. The elevation limits of several species shifted up to 6150 m, about 150 vertical meters above the limit of continuous plant distribution. The plant age analysis corroborated the hypothesis of warming-driven uphill migration. However, the impact of warming interacts with increasing precipitation and physical disturbance. The extreme summer snowfall event in 2010 is likely responsible for substantial decrease in plant cover in both alpine and subnival vegetation and compositional shift towards species preferring wetter habitats. Simultaneous increase in summer temperature and precipitation caused rapid snow melt and, coupled with frequent night frosts, generated multiple freeze-thaw cycles detrimental to subnival plants. Our results suggest that plant species responses to ongoing climate change will not be unidirectional upward range shifts but rather multi-dimensional, species-specific and spatially variable.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- populační dynamika * MeSH
- rostliny klasifikace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Indie MeSH
Regardless of their ecosystem functions, some insects are threatened when facing environmental changes and disturbances, while others become extremely successful. It is crucial for successful conservation to differentiate factors supporting species' current distributions from those triggering range dynamics. Here, we studied the sudden extralimital colonization of the rose chafer beetle, Oxythyrea funesta, in the Czech Republic. Specifically, we depicted the range expansion using accumulated historical records of first known occurrences and then explained the colonization events using five transformed indices depicting changes in local propagule pressure (LPP), climate, land use, elevation, and landscape structure. The slow occupancy increase of O. funesta before 1990 changed to a phase of rapid occupancy increase after 1990, driven not only by changes in the environment (climate and land use) but also by the spatial accumulation of LPP. Climate was also found to play a significant role but only during the niche-filling stage before 1990, while land use became important during the phase of rapid expansion after 1990. Inland waters (e.g., riparian corridors) also contributed substantially to the spread in the Czech Republic. Our method of using spatially transformed variables to explain the colonization events provides a novel way of detecting factors triggering range dynamics. The results highlight the importance of LPP in driving sudden occupancy increase of extralimital species and recommend the use of LPP as an important predictor for modeling range dynamics.
- MeSH
- brouci fyziologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- fyziologie rostlin MeSH
- podnebí * MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The effects of habitat loss on the distribution of populations are often linked with species specialization degree. Specialist species can be more affected by changes in landscape structure and local patch characteristics compared to generalist species. Moreover, the spatial scale at which different land covers (eg. habitat, cropland, urban areas) affect specialist species can be smaller. Specialization is usually assumed as a constant trait along the distribution range of species. However, for several taxa, there is evidence of higher specialization degree in peripheral populations compared with populations in the core. Hence, peripheral populations should have a higher sensitivity to habitat loss, and strongest effects should be found at a smaller spatial scale. To test these expectations, we implemented a patch-landscape approach at different spatial scales, and compared effects of landscape structure and patch characteristics on occupancy probability among northern peripheral, more specialized populations (Czech Republic) and core populations (Bulgaria) of the eastern green lizard Lacerta viridis. We found that landscape structure and patch characteristics affect differently the occupancy probability of Lacerta viridis in each region. Strongest effects of habitat loss were found at a spatial scale of 150m around patches in the periphery, but at a scale of 500m in the core. In the periphery occupancy probability of populations was principally affected by landscape composition, and the effect of habitat quality was stronger compared to core populations. In the core, persistence of populations was mainly explained by characteristics of the spatial configuration of habitat patches. We discuss possible ecological mechanisms behind the relationship between sensitivity to habitat loss, populations' specialization degree and position in the distribution range, and suggest conservation measures for L. viridis.
- MeSH
- ekologie metody MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- ještěři růst a vývoj MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Bulharsko MeSH
- Česká republika MeSH
"This paper examines how neonatal mortality has changed in the Czech Republic during the [1990s], examining trends in the distribution of birth weights and in birth weight specific neonatal mortality. It examines how these have varied in different parts of the country and, to ascertain the scope for further improvement, it compares them with corresponding values from Sweden, a country with one of the lowest neonatal mortality rates in Europe."
- MeSH
- biologie MeSH
- časové faktory * MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- fyziologie MeSH
- kojenecká mortalita * MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- populace MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- porodní hmotnost * MeSH
- příčina smrti * MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- vyspělé země MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Skandinávie a severské státy MeSH
- Švédsko MeSH
- východní Evropa MeSH
