BACKGROUND: Maladaptive responses to negative affective stimuli are pervasive, including clinically ill and healthy people, and men and women respond differently at neural and hormonal levels. Inspired by the Research Domain Criteria initiative, we used a transdiagnostic approach to investigate the impact of sex and dysphoric mood on neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli. METHODS: Participants included 99 individuals with major depressive disorder, psychosis and healthy controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was complemented with real-time acquisition of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) hormones. fMRI data were analyzed in SPM8 and task-related connectivity was assessed using generalized psychophysiological interaction. RESULTS: Across all participants, elevated cortisol response predicted lower brain activity in orbitofrontal cortex and hypothalamus-amygdala connectivity. In those with worse dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response predicted lower activity in hypothalamus and hippocampus. In women, elevated cortisol response was associated with lower activity in medial prefrontal cortex and low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. In women with high dysphoric mood, elevated cortisol response was associated with low hypothalamo-hippocampal connectivity. There were no interactions with diagnosis or medication. LIMITATIONS: There was limited power to correct for multiple comparisons across total number of ROIs and connectivity targets; cortisol responses were relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the pathophysiology in neural-hormonal responses to negative affective stimuli is shared across healthy and clinical populations and varies as a function of sex and dysphoric mood. Our findings may contribute to the development of hormonal adjunctive therapeutics that are sex-dependent, underscoring the importance of one's sex to precision medicine.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• amygdala patofyziologie   MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hipokampus patofyziologie   MeSH
• hydrokortison fyziologie   MeSH
• hypothalamus patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra patofyziologie   MeSH
• psychotické poruchy diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory * MeSH
• systém hypofýza - nadledviny fyziologie   MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Negative affective stimuli elicit behavioral and neural responses which vary on a continuum from adaptive to maladaptive, yet are typically investigated in a dichotomous manner (healthy controls vs. psychiatric diagnoses). This practice may limit our ability to fully capture variance from acute responses to negative affective stimuli to psychopathology at the extreme end. To address this, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study to examine the neural responses to negative valence/high arousal and neutral valence/low arousal images as a function of dysphoric mood and sex across individuals (n = 99) who represented traditional categories of healthy controls, major depressive disorder, bipolar psychosis, and schizophrenia. Observation of negative (vs. neutral) stimuli elicited blood oxygen-level dependent responses in the following circuitry: periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus (HYPO), amygdala (AMYG), hippocampus (HIPP), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and greater connectivity between AMYG and mPFC. Across all subjects, severity of dysphoric mood was associated with hyperactivity of HYPO, and, among females, right (R) AMYG. Females also demonstrated inverse relationships between severity of dysphoric mood and connectivity between HYPO - R OFC, R AMYG - R OFC, and R AMYG - R HIPP. Overall, our findings demonstrated sex-dependent deficits in response to negative affective stimuli increasing as a function of dysphoric mood state. Females demonstrated greater inability to regulate arousal as mood became more dysphoric. These findings contribute to elucidating biosignatures associated with response to negative stimuli across disorders and suggest the importance of a sex-dependent lens in determining these biosignatures. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3733-3744, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• bipolární porucha diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
• kyslík krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• psychotické poruchy diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• úzkost diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Spánkové problémy a narušení cirkadiánních rytmů jsou u afektivních poruch časté. Pacienti si nejčastčji stěžují na nespavost. Stížnosti na těžkou insomnii se objevují významně častěji u pacientů S afektivní poruchou (22,2-45,6 %) než u kontrol (12,4-24,3 %). Jedna teorií říká, že pacienti s afektivními poruchami mají nadměrně posunutý nebo arytmický cirkadiánní systém a toto narušení je způsobeno alterací systému vnitřních hodin. Chronoterapeutické strategie založeně na vystavení stimulům prostředí, které ovlivňují cirkadiánní systém, jsou schopné vykázat dobrou efektivitu jak v odstranění patické nálady, tak při úpravě nespavosti, což by mohlo svědčit exjuvantibus o důležitosti vnitřních hodin v etiopatogenezi afektivních poruch. Léčba komorbidní nespavosti u afektivních poruch je také cílem pro kognitivně-behaviorální terapii a interpersonální terapii a terapii sociálních rytmů.

Sleep problems and circadian rhythms disturbances are common in affective disorders, with the most often-reported sleep problem in most cases being insomnia. Severe insomnia complaints are significantly more prevalent in individuals with mood (25.2–45.6%) disorders (24.9–45.5%) relative to controls (12.4–24.3%). It has been proposed that patients with affective disorder have an abnormally shifted or arrhythmic circadian system and that the disturbance of circadian rhythms may be caused by an alteration in the circadian clock machinery. Chronothera- peutic strategies based on controlled exposures to environmental stimu- li that act on biological rhythms have shown good efficacy in the treat- ment of illness episodes, including insomnia, thus confirming ex juvan- tibus the clinical relevance of internal timing in this illnesses. Treatment of comorbid insomnia with affective disorder is target for cognitive be- havioral therapy and interpersonal therapy and therapy of social rhytms.

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

PURPOSE: People with eating disorders (EDs) have difficulties understanding their own emotions and recognizing the emotions of others, especially in ambiguous settings. We examined the neuronal mechanisms underlying the emotion processing of ambiguous interpersonal stimuli in EDs and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: The fMRI data were acquired by a blocked experimental design with 28 women (14 EDs) during the visual presentation of a modified Thematic Apperception Test. RESULTS: EDs showed very strong associations between experienced and inferred emotions evoked by the stimuli; no such relationship was found in HCs. HCs displayed elevated left anterior insula activity during the mentalizing condition; EDs showed increased activity in the right supramarginal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION: The two groups seem to apply different strategies for judging emotionally ambiguous stimuli, albeit resulting in equivalent judgments. We assume that activity in the supramarginal gyrus and insula in EDs is linked with suppressing their own perspective while considering emotional states, probably due to alexithymia and the lack of awareness of their own mental states. We hypothesize that the strong correlation between experienced and inferred emotions in EDs could reflect their tendency to use others as a reference point for perceiving themselves and gaining information about their affective state. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: No level of evidence, this is a basic science study.

• MeSH
• afektivní symptomy MeSH
• emoce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• poruchy příjmu potravy * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Research based on self-reported data often indicates that women are the more emotional sex. The present study examined differences in emotion between the sexes across two components of the emotional process: subjective experience and physiological reactions to emotional stimuli. During the experimental study, participants (N=124; 22.5±2.88; 51 males) subjectively rated their emotional experience (valence and intensity) towards presented positive and negative affective stimuli, while physiological reactions (facial electromyography, heart rate, skin conductance, and finger skin temperature) were measured during expositions. Results from self-reports suggest that women declared more intensive emotional experiences for positive and negative stimuli and rated negative stimuli as more negative in comparison to men. Physiological measurements showed differences between the sexes in the physiological baseline measurements (facial electromyography, skin conductance and finger skin temperature). However, physiological responses towards positive or negative emotional stimuli did not prove to be different between men and women, except for finger skin temperature. Relations between self-reported subjective experiences and physiological changes were weak and insignificant. Collectively, our findings suggest certain emotional differences experienced between men and women. These differences can be found specifically in self-reported subjective experiences, while significant differences were not predominantly present in recorded physiological reactions.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektromyografie MeSH
• emoce fyziologie   MeSH
• galvanická kožní odpověď fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličejové svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• teplota kůže fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Two experiments were performed to investigate the principles by which emotional stimuli are classified on the dimensions of valence and arousal. In Experiment 1, a large sample of healthy participants rated emotional stimuli according to both broad dimensions. Hierarchical cluster analyses performed on these ratings revealed that stimuli were clustered according to their semantic content at the beginning of the agglomerative process. Example semantic themes include food, violence, nudes, death, and objects. Importantly, this pattern occurred in a parallel fashion for ratings on both dimensions. In Experiment 2, we investigated if the same semantic clusters were differentiated at the neurophysiological level. Intracerebral EEG was recorded from 18 patients with intractable epilepsy who viewed the same set of stimuli. Not only did electrocortical responses differentiate between these data-defined semantic clusters, they converged with the behavioral measurements to highlight the importance of categories associated with survival and reproduction. These findings provide strong evidence that the semantic content of affective material influences their classification along the broad dimensions of valence and arousal, and this principle of categorization exerts an effect on the evoked emotional response. Future studies should consider data-driven techniques rather than normative ratings to identify more specific, semantically related emotional images.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• arousal MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• emoce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• sémantika * MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cieľom práce bolo sledovavať, či vystavenie dospelých potkanov stresovým stimuloiom čuchového charakteru spôsobuje zmeny v distribúcii Fos pozitívnych buniek v neurogénnej oblasti čuchového systému, ktorá je reprezentovaná subventrikulárnou zónou (SVZ), rostrálnou migračnou dráhou (RMS) a čuchovým bulbom (BO). Dospelé potkany boli na jednu hodinu vystavené umelej alebo prírodnej vôni (vôňa mačky). Po ukončení pôsobenia čuchových stimulov sme mozgy potkanov spracovali pomocou imunohistochémie a sledovali sme lokalizáciu Fos pozitívnych buniek. Už jednorázové vystavenie dospelého potkana čuchovému podnetu spôsobí zmeny v počte a distribúcii Fos pozitívnych buniek vo všetkých nami pozorovaných častiach neurogénnej oblasti čuchového systému, pričom každá časť reaguje na čuchový podnet odlišne. Naše výsledky naznačujú, že neurogénna oblasť čuchového systém obsahuje dráhy, ktoré sa podieľajú na prenose signálov potrebných na indukciu expresie Fos.

The aim of present study was to demonstrate that single exposure of adult rats to various odor stimuli induces immediate changes in Fos positivity within the olfactory system neurogenic region, which is represented by subventricular zone (S VZ), the r ostral migratory stream (RMS) and t he olfactory bulb (BO). Adult rats were exposed to arti- ficial odor or natural odor (cat odor) for 1 hour. After finishing the experiments immunohistochemical localization of Fos was studied. We have found that even single exposure to odor stimuli represents a stressful event that caused changes in number and distribution of Fos positive cells in examined neurogenic region and that individual parts of this region respond to stressful stimuli differently. Our results suggest that the olfactory system neurogenic region possesses the pathways to trans- mit the signals needed for Fos expression.

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

BACKGROUND: Aberrant amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli represents a candidate factor predisposing patients with bipolar disorder (BD) to relapse, but it is unclear to what extent amygdala reactivity is state-dependent. We evaluated the modulatory influence of mood on amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity in patients with remitted BD and healthy controls. METHODS: Amygdala response to sad versus neutral faces was investigated using fMRI during periods of normal and sad mood induced by autobiographical scripts. We assessed the functional connectivity of the amygdala to characterize the influence of mood state on the network responsible for the amygdala response. RESULTS: We included 20 patients with remitted BD and 20 controls in our study. The sad and normal mood exerted opposite effects on the amygdala response to emotional faces in patients compared with controls (F1,38 = 5.85, p = 0.020). Sad mood amplified the amygdala response to sad facial stimuli in controls but attenuated the amygdala response in patients. The groups differed in functional connectivity between the amygdala and the inferior prefrontal gyrus (p ≤ 0.05, family-wise error-corrected) of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) corresponding to Brodmann area 47. The sad mood challenge increased connectivity during the period of processing sad faces in patients but decreased connectivity in controls. LIMITATIONS: Limitations to our study included long-term medication use in the patient group and the fact that we mapped only depressive (not manic) reactivity. CONCLUSION: Our results support the role of the amygdala-vlPFC as the system of dysfunctional contextual affective processing in patients with BD. Opposite amygdala reactivity unmasked by the mood challenge paradigm could represent a trait marker of altered mood regulation in patients with BD.

• MeSH
• amygdala patofyziologie   MeSH
• bipolární porucha patofyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• emoce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• nervové dráhy patofyziologie   MeSH
• obličej MeSH
• světelná stimulace MeSH
• výraz obličeje MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Using functional neuroimaging techniques (PET and fMRI), various cortical, limbic, and paralimbic structures have been identified in the last decade as neural substrates of human emotion. In this study we used a novel approach (intracerebral recordings of event-related potentials) to add to our knowledge of specific brain regions involved in affective picture processing. Ten intractable epileptic patients undergoing pre-surgical depth electrode recording viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures and intracerebral event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. A total of 752 cortical and subcortical sites were investigated. Significant differences in ERPs to unpleasant as compared to neutral or pleasant pictures were frequently and consistently observed in recordings from various brain areas--the mesial temporal cortex (the amygdala, the hippocampus, the temporal pole), the lateral temporal cortex, the mesial prefrontal cortex (ACC and the medial frontal gyrus), and the lateral prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, the mean latencies of responses to emotional stimuli were somewhat shorter in the frontal lobe structures (with evidently earlier activation within lateral prefrontal areas when compared to mesial prefrontal cortex) and longer in the temporal lobe regions. These differences, however, were not significant. Additional clearly positive findings were observed in some rarely investigated regions--in the posterior parietal cortex, the precuneus, and the insula. An approximately equivalent number of positive findings was revealed in the left and right hemisphere structures. These results are in agreement with a multisystem model of human emotion, distributed far beyond the typical limbic system and substantially comprising lateral aspects of both frontal lobes as well.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie MeSH
• estetika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• zrakové evokované potenciály MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Funkční architektura mozku konzervativců a liberálů se odlišuje, jejich neurofyziologické odpovědi na podněty rovněž, v podobných situacích aktivují odlišné neuronální sítě mozku. Genetické vlivy ovlivňují politické postoje počínaje ranou dospělostí, jejich vliv následně trvá. V konfliktní situaci na základě podnětu určujícího, že je to nutné, liberálové snadněji mění habituální odpověď. Na ohrožující obrázky a zvuky odpovídají konzervativci mohutněji než liberálové, déle se dívají na nepříjemné obrázky, zatímco liberálové déle sledují obrázky příjemné. Liberálové lépe snášejí nejistotu a mají objemnější přední cingulární kůru, konzervativci jsou citlivější na podněty probouzející strach a mají objemnější pravou amygdalu. Rychlé, myšlenkově méně namáhavé odpovědi souvisejí s konzervativní ideologií, namáhavé a cílené myšlenkové úsilí souvisí s liberalismem. Konzervativci jsou motivovanější udržovat fyzickou a morální čistotu, mohutněji než liberálové reagují na obrázky probouzející hnus. Konzervativci jsou méně než liberálové otevření novým zkušenostem, lépe se učí z negativních než z positivních zkušeností. Politický konzervatismus lze chápat jako motivovanou sociální kognici s evolučním pozadím. Při přenosu těchto výsledků do českých podmínek je nutná opatrnost: američtí konzervativci a liberálové jsou podobní české pravici a levici, nejsou však totožní.

Conservatives and liberals have different functional brain architecture, different physiological responses to stimuli, and activate different brain networks when confronted with similar situations. Genetics influence political attitudes during early adulthood and beyond. When faced with conflict, liberals are more likely than conservatives to alter their habitual response when cues indicate it is necessary. In comparison with liberals, conservatives have stronger reactions to threatening images and noises, spend more time looking at unpleasant images, whereas liberals spend more time looking at pleasant images. Liberals have more tolerance to uncertainty and a larger anterior cingular cortex, conservatives have more sensitivity to fear and have a larger right amygdala. Reliance on quick and “low effort” thought processes yields conservative ideologies, while effortful and deliberated reasoning yields liberal ideologies. Conservatives have stronger motivations than liberals to preserve purity and react more strongly than liberals to disgusting images. Conservatives are less open to new experiences and learn better form negative stimuli than positive stimuli. Political conservatism could be understood as a motivated social cognition with an evolutionary background. Some caution with the transfer of these results into Czech conditions is essential: American conservatives and liberals are similar but not identical to the Czech political right and left.

• Klíčová slova
• konzervatismus, liberalismus,
• MeSH
• chování a mechanismy chování MeSH
• dědičnost MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojčata MeSH
• experimenty na lidech MeSH
• geny MeSH
• hygiena MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mapování mozku MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• nervová síť * MeSH
• neurobiologie MeSH
• neurofyziologie * MeSH
• neurovědy MeSH
• osobnost MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• politika * MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• psychologické modely MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální hodnoty * MeSH
• sociální psychologie MeSH
• strach MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH