Cognitive reserve (CR) has been conceptualized as an individual's ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. As such, CR may contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the relationships between CR, cognition and quality of life in first-episode (FES) patients. A total of 137 patients with either ICD-10 schizophrenia or "acute and transient psychotic disorders" diagnosis, and 62 healthy controls had completed a comprehensive assessment of six cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory/flexibility, verbal memory, visual memory, and abstraction/executive functioning. CR was calculated from the participants' education, premorbid IQ, and socioeconomic status. The results suggested that in patients, CR was positively related to cognitive performance in all domains, explaining 42.6% of the variance observed in cognition overall. Effects of CR in the control group were limited to three domains: speed of processing, abstraction/executive function and working memory/flexibility. These results suggest that CR largely contributes to cognitive variations present in FES patients. In addition, CR was negatively related to the social construct of patients' quality of life, and positively to symptom severity and general functioning.

• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• schizofrenie * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Dance is a complex sensorimotor activity with positive effects on physical fitness, cognition, and brain plasticity in the aging population. We explored whether individual levels of cognitive reserve (CR) proxied by education moderate dance intervention (DI)-induced plasticity assessed by resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) changes of the sensorimotor network (SMN), and between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and anterior default mode network (aDMN). Our cohort consisted of 99 subjects, randomly assigned to either a DI group who underwent a 6-month intervention (n = 49, Mage = 69.02 ± 5.40) or a control group (n = 50, Mage = 69.37 ± 6.10). Moderation analyses revealed that CR moderated DI-induced increase of the SMN rs-FC with significant changes observed in participants with ≥ 15 years of education (b = 0.05, t(62) = 3.17, p = 0.002). Only DI alone was a significant predictor of the DAN-aDMN crosstalk change (b = 0.06, t(64) = 2.16, p = 0.035). The rs-FC increase in the SMN was correlated with an improved physical fitness measure, and changes in the DAN-aDMN connectivity were linked to better performance on figural fluency. Consistent with the passive CR hypothesis, we observed that CR correlated only with baseline behavioral scores, not their change.

• MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• kognitivní stárnutí * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuroplasticita * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tanec * MeSH
• terapie tancem MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * patologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * patologie   MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek patologie   MeSH
• nemoci nervového systému * MeSH
• neuropatologie MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• úvodníky MeSH

Cíl: Dospělí ve věku 80 let a více s epizodickou pamětí jako průměrný šedesátník jsou nazýváni paměťově superúspěšně stárnoucími jedinci (PSÚSJ). Cílem práce je zjistit, zda PSÚSJ mají vyšší paměťovou rezervu nebo stabilnější paměťovou údržbu. Soubor a metodika: Analyzovali jsme kognitivní výkonnost u 46 kognitivně zdravých starších dospělých během 6 let ve 3 časových bodech (T1, T2 a T3). Všichni účastníci měli 80 a více let a měli normální kognitivní výkon v T3. PSÚSJ byli definování výkonem ve spontánním oddáleném vybavení z paměti ve Filadelfském testu učení a paměti (LDFR-PVLT) ≥ devět slov (průměr zdravých osob ve věku 60–64 let) v T3. Logická paměť a PVLT suma pokusů 1–5 byly porovnávány mezi i v rámci skupin. Výsledky: V souboru bylo 20 PSÚSJ (16 žen) a 26 ne-PSÚSJ (11 žen) v T3, což znamená, že více PSÚSJ bylo mezi ženami než muži. V T3 nebyly zjištěny významné rozdíly mezi skupinami ve věku, vzdělání, depresivní symptomatice. PSÚSJ měli významně vyšší PVLT 1–5, ale nikoliv logickou paměť v T1. Jejich kognitivní rezerva byla vyšší pro verbální učení, nikoliv pro logickou paměť ve srovnání s ne-PSÚSJ. U PSÚSJ došlo během 6 let ke zlepšení v PVLT 1–5 ale nikoliv v logické paměti. Závěr: Naše výsledky naznačují, že paměťová rezerva i paměťová údržba hrají roli u PSÚSJ. Rozdíl mezi skupinami byl dán rozdílným učením nikoliv logickou pamětí. PSÚSJ jsou více mezi ženami než muži.

Aim: Memory SuperAgers (SAs) are adults aged 80+ years whose episodic memory is as good as that of sexagenarians. The aim was to determine whether SAs are people with a higher memory reserve or more stable memory maintenance. Sample and method: We analyzed cognitive performance of 46 cognitively healthy older adults over 6 years, measuring them at three time points (T1, T2 and T3). All participants were aged 80+ years and had normal cognitive performance at T3. SAs were defined as persons whose Long Delayed Free Recall score of Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test (LDFR-PVLT) was ≥ nine words (the mean for healthy age group 60–64 years) at T3. Logical memory II (LM II-delayed recall) and PVLT sum of trial 1–5 were compared between and within the groups. Results: In our sample, we found 20 SAs (16 females) and 26 non-SAs (11 females) at T3, meaning more SAs were female than male. At T3, there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, education, or depressive symptoms. At T1, SAs performed significantly better on PVLT 1–5 but not in LM II; their cognitive reserve was thus higher for verbal learning but not for logical memory in non-SAs. Over time, SAs showed improvement in PVLT 1–5 but not in logical memory. Conclusion: We suggest that both memory reserve and memory maintenance play a role in SuperAging. The differences between SAs and non-SAs were more in verbal learning than in logical memory. Our data suggest that women SuperAge more frequently than men do.

• Klíčová slova
• superagers,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• testy paměti a učení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cognitive reserve (CR) may reduce the risk of dementia. We summarized the effect of CR on progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in studies accounting for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related structural pathology and biomarkers. Literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Relevant articles were longitudinal, in English, and investigating MCI or dementia incidence. Meta-analysis was conducted on nine articles, four measuring CR as cognitive residual of neuropathology and five as composite psychosocial proxies (e.g., education). High CR was related to a 47% reduced relative risk of MCI or dementia (pooled-hazard ratio: 0.53 [0.35, 0.81]), with residual-based CR reducing risk by 62% and proxy-based CR by 48%. CR protects against MCI and dementia progression above and beyond the effect of AD-related structural pathology and biomarkers. The finding that proxy-based measures of CR rivaled residual-based measures in terms of effect on dementia incidence underscores the importance of early- and mid-life factors in preventing dementia later.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * epidemiologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Roztroušená skleróza je často doprovázena rozvojem kognitivního deficitu, který se může projevit ve všech stadiích a formách onemocnění. Vzhledem k výrazně negativnímu dopadu oslabené kognice na celkovou kvalitu života pacientů je otázkou, které faktory pomáhají zachovat kognitivní výkonnost. Přehledový článek se zaměřuje na protektivní roli mozkové a zejména kognitivní rezervy, která se tvoří intelektuálním obohacováním během života. Uvádíme dosavadní zjištění ohledně role verbální inteligence, vzdělání, povolání či věnování se kognitivně stimulujícím volnočasovým aktivitám, které mohou přispívat k lepší neuropsychologické prognóze. Studie poukazují na skutečnost, že nejenom vrozené faktory a premorbidní chování pacientů, ale i aktivní zapojování do kognitivně stimulujících aktivit pomáhá snižovat negativní dopad onemocnění na kognitivní status. Limity dosavadních studií a další směřování výzkumu jsou zvažovány.

Multiple sclerosis is often accompanied by cognitive deficits that occur in all stages and subtypes of the disease. Given the significantly negative impact of cognitive impairment on the overall quality of life of patients, we need to ask which factors help maintain cognitive function. The current review addresses the protective role of the brain reserve and, in particular, the cognitive reserve built by lifetime intel­lectual enrichment. We summarize recent findings based on these factors, such as verbal intelligence, education, occupation attainment or participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities that may contribute to a better neuropsychological prognosis. The studies show that not only hereditary factors and premorbid behavior but even ongoing participation in cognitively stimulating activities may attenuate the negative effects of the disease on cognitive status. Limitations of the current research and its future directions are discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• verbální inteligence,
• MeSH
• inteligence MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnost MeSH
• paměť MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * komplikace   patologie   MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• učení MeSH
• verbální chování MeSH
• volnočasové aktivity MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Dementia syndrome is one of the most devastating conditions in older adults. As treatments to stop neurodegeneration become available, accurate and timely diagnosis will increase in importance. One issue is that cognitive performance sometimes does not match the corresponding level of neuropathology, affecting diagnostic accuracy. Cognitive reserve (CR), which can preserve cognitive function despite underlying neuropathology, explains at least some variability in cognitive performance. We examined the influence of CR proxies (education and occupational position) on the relationship between hippocampal or total gray matter volume and cognition. METHODS: We used data from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Participants were clinically confirmed to be without dementia (n = 457, including subjective cognitive decline and amnestic mild cognitive impairment) or with dementia syndrome (n = 113). RESULTS: For participants without dementia, higher education magnified the associations between (a) hippocampal volume and executive control (b = 0.09, p = 0.033), (b) total gray matter volume and language (b = 0.12, p < 0.001), and (c) total gray matter volume and memory (b = 0.08, p = 0.018). Similarly, higher occupational position magnified the association between total gray matter volume and (a) attention/working memory (b = 0.09, p = 0.009), (b) language (b = 0.13, p = 0.002), and (c) memory (b = 0.10, p = 0.013). For participants with dementia, the associations between hippocampal (b = -0.26, p = 0.024) and total gray matter (b = -0.28, p = 0.024) volume and visuospatial skills decreased in magnitude with higher education. CONCLUSION: We found that the association between brain volume and cognitive performance varies based on CR, with greater CR related to a stronger link between brain volume and cognition before, and a weaker link after, dementia diagnosis.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: A large variation in cognitive performance exists between European regions. However, it is unclear how older Europeans differ in the rate of cognitive decline. METHODS: We analysed data from 22 181 individuals (54% women; median age 71) who participated in the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Cognition was measured using tests on verbal fluency, immediate and delayed recall. We used linear regression and linear mixed effects regression to examine regional differences in the level of cognitive performance and the rate of cognitive decline. RESULTS: Scandinavians had the highest baseline cognitive scores (mean standardized overall cognitive score 0.3), followed by Western Europeans (mean 0.2), Central and Eastern Europeans (mean 0.1) and individuals from Mediterranean countries (mean -0.4). These differences persisted even after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The annual cognitive decline in Scandinavia (0.59%) was approximately two times greater than in Western Europe (0.28%), Central and Eastern Europe (0.25%) and Mediterranean countries (0.23%). DISCUSSION: There are substantial differences in cognitive performance as well as rates of cognitive decline among the elderly throughout European regions. This might be explained by differing levels of cognitive reserve.

• MeSH
• geriatrické hodnocení MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí psychologie   MeSH
• zdravotní stav * MeSH
• zeměpis statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * rehabilitace   MeSH
• kognitivní rezerva * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy učení * rehabilitace   MeSH
• výchova mentálně retardovaných metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cerebral microangiopathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes chronic hypoperfusion and probably accelerates neurodegenerative changes. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize microvascular impairment could be present already in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and can be revealed using transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) and the breath-holding maneuver. METHODS: Three groups of subjects (AD in the stage of dementia, MCI, and cognitively normal controls) with detailed neuropsychological testing and low cerebrovascular burden (no history of stroke, no intra- or extracranial artery stenoses, and no severe vascular lesions on brain MRI), underwent a TCCS assessment of peak systolic (PSV), mean flow (MFV), and end diastolic velocities (EDV) and resistance and pulsatility indices (RI, PI) in large intracranial vessels bilaterally. Cerebrovascular reserve capacity was assessed using the breath-holding index (BHI) in middle cerebral artery (MCA) bilaterally. The ultrasound parameters were compared between the groups, correlated with neuropsychological tests, and compared between amnestic and non-amnestic MCI subtypes. RESULTS: Fourteen AD (3 males, 67.9±11.1 years, MMSE 18.0±4.6), 24 MCI (13 males, 71.9±7.3 years, MMSE 28.0±1.6), and 24 risk factor-matched controls (14 males, 67.8±6.4 years, MMSE 29.1±1.2) were enrolled. Significant differences were found between AD and controls in MFV, EDV, RI, PI in right MCA after breath holding, in PSV, MFV, EDV in left MCA after breath holding, and in BHI on the left side. The left BHI correlated positively with verbal memory test. CONCLUSION: Results show decreased cerebrovascular reserve capacity in AD as a sign of impaired cerebral hemodynamic status without severe underlying atherosclerosis. This can be identified using TCCS and BHI.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• hemodynamika * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek krevní zásobení   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• mozkový krevní oběh MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ultrasonografie dopplerovská transkraniální MeSH
• zadržování dechu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH