dynamical system theory
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Teorie řízení motoriky lze rozdělit do čtyř hlavních typů, z nichž některé na sebe částečně navazují a jiné vznikly jako negace těch předchozích. Nejstarší ucelenou teorií je hierarchická teorie z druhé poloviny 19. století, jejímž hlavním představitelem je John H. Jackson. Na přelomu 19. a 20. století ji následovala reflexní teorie, jejímiž hlavními představiteli byli William James, Ivan P. Pavlov a především Charles S. Sherrington. K překonání této teorie přispěl velkou měrou Thomas G. Brown svým objevem centrálních generátorů vzorů. Nikolaj A. Bernstein vytvořil ve 30. a 40. letech v opozici k reflexní teorii svoji originální koncepci, která bývá někdy označována jako teorie systémů. Ve druhé polovině 20. století na ni částečně navázala teorie motorických programů, jejímiž hlavními autory byli Karl S. Lashley, Jack A. Adams a především Richard A. Schmidt. Na Bernsteinovu práci také navázala poslední významná koncepce motorického řízení, a to teorie dynamických systémů, jejímiž hlavními autory jsou Stuart A. Kauffman, J. A. Scott Kelso, Michael T. Turvey a Ester A. Thelen
Motor control theories can be divided into four main types, some of which follow each other in part and others arose as a negation of the previous ones. The oldest comprehensive theory is the hierarchical theory from the second half of the 19th century, the main representative of which is John H. Jackson. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been followed by the reflex theory, whose main representatives were William James, Ivan P. Pavlov and especially Charles S. Sherrington. Thomas G. Brown contributed greatly to overcoming this theory with his discovery of central pattern generators. In opposition to the reflex theory, Nikolai A. Bernstein developed his original concept in the 1930s and 1940s, sometimes referred to as the systems theory. In the second half of the 20th century, it has been partly followed by the theory of motor programs, the main authors of which were Karl S. Lashley, Jack A. Adams and especially Richard A. Schmidt. Bernstein‘s work has also been followed by the last but not least important concept of motor control, namely the theory of dynamical systems, the main authors of which are Stuart A. Kauffman, J. A. Scott Kelso, Michael T. Turvey and Ester A. Thelen.
- Klíčová slova
- teorie řízení motoriky, motorické učení, vývoj motoriky,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti MeSH
- nervový systém - fyziologické jevy MeSH
- neurologie * dějiny MeSH
- pohyb MeSH
- reflex MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- historické články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Dynamic systems theory and complexity theory (DST/CT) is a framework explaining how complex systems change and adapt over time. In psychotherapy, DST/CT can be used to understand how a person's mental and emotional state changes during therapy incorporating higher levels of complexity. This study aimed to systematically review the variability of DST/CT methods applied in psychotherapy research. METHODS: A primary studies search was conducted in the EBSCO and Web of Knowledge databases, extracting information about the analyzed DST/CT phenomena, employed mathematical methods to investigate these phenomena, descriptions of specified dynamic models, psychotherapy phenomena, and other information regarding studies with empirical data (e.g., measurement granularity). RESULTS: After screening 38,216 abstracts and 4,194 full texts, N = 41 studies published from 1990 to 2021 were identified. The employed methods typically included measures of dynamic complexity or chaoticity. Computational and simulation studies most often employed first-order ordinary differential equations and typically focused on describing the time evolution of client-therapist dyadic influences. Eligible studies with empirical data were usually based on case studies and focused on data with high time intensity of within-session dynamics. CONCLUSION: This review provides a descriptive synthesis of the current state of the proliferation of DST/CT methods in the psychotherapy research field.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologická teorie MeSH
- psychoterapie * metody MeSH
- systémová teorie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
... Contents -- Preface -- 1 Decision-Theoretic Foundations -- 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence ... ... 1 -- 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 5 -- 1.3 Axioms 9 -- 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization ... ... Theorem -- 1.5 Equivalent Representations 18 -- 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 21 -- 1.7 ... ... Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 370 -- 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory ... ... Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 509 -- 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 515 -- 10.9 Dynamic ...
1st Harvard University Press paperback ed. xiii, 568 s. : il. ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- matematika MeSH
- teorie her MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- Konspekt
- Matematika
- NLK Obory
- přírodní vědy
The ubiquitous feature of the nervous system of wide spread occurrence of complex dynamics behaviour is treated. The cardinal question concerning the nature of generators of such complex behaviour, namely if it is ad hoc random or deterministic but strongly nonlinear, is analyzed. It is proved analytically that the discrete dynamics of single neurons with the sigmoidal transfer function is potentially chaotic. As the by-product the functional gain-threshold mechanism in neurons is derived. This allows for the new interpretations of famous experiments by Miyashita on squirell monkeys. Then it is shown that the continuous dynamics of the neural circuits of two-three neurons are endowed with the potentiality of chaotic firing, too. Finally, it will be argued that the classical dogma of stochastic or the ad hoc random neural coding can be taken as the limiting case of presenting new approach of deterministic or chaotic paradigm.
The relationship between network structure and dynamics is one of the most extensively investigated problems in the theory of complex systems of recent years. Understanding this relationship is of relevance to a range of disciplines-from neuroscience to geomorphology. A major strategy of investigating this relationship is the quantitative comparison of a representation of network architecture (structural connectivity, SC) with a (network) representation of the dynamics (functional connectivity, FC). Here, we show that one can distinguish two classes of functional connectivity-one based on simultaneous activity (co-activity) of nodes, the other based on sequential activity of nodes. We delineate these two classes in different categories of dynamical processes-excitations, regular and chaotic oscillators-and provide examples for SC/FC correlations of both classes in each of these models. We expand the theoretical view of the SC/FC relationships, with conceptual instances of the SC and the two classes of FC for various application scenarios in geomorphology, ecology, systems biology, neuroscience and socio-ecological systems. Seeing the organisation of dynamical processes in a network either as governed by co-activity or by sequential activity allows us to bring some order in the myriad of observations relating structure and function of complex networks.
- MeSH
- ekologie * MeSH
- ekosystém * MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
... A Model System for Molecular Self-Organization 37 -- 5. ... ... Selection Dynamics in CP Systems 67 -- 5.6. ... ... Complementary Instruction and Selection in CP Systems 72 -- 5.7. ... ... Selection Dynamics in CF Systems 89 -- 5.10. ... ... Competition and Co-existence in CF Systems 94 -- VIII -- 6. Stochastic Theory of Selection -- 6.1. ...
ix, 321 s. : il., tab., grafy ; 26 cm
Tato studie je rozdělena do tří hlavních částí: První pojednává o postavení sociálních reprezentací v systému současné psychologie a možnostech jejich využití pro současnou vědu a výzkum. Druhá se snaží vysvětlit okolnosti jejich vzniku a popisuje filosoficko-sociologické kořeny této teorie. Třetí část tohoto článku zkoumá jejich formální strukturu. Teorie sociálních reprezentací nikdy nebyla statickým a hypotetickým konstruktem, ale vždy se snažila pružně přizpůsobit stále se měnícímu kontextu reality. Sociální reprezentace jsou myšlenkami v pohybu, jsou to dynamické a otevřené fenomény a jejich koncept je formován a transformován spolu s měnícím se kontextem. Teorie sociálních reprezentací pomohla transformovat sociální psychologii na postmoderní vědeckou disciplínu, která překračuje hranice mezi psychologií, sociologií, filosofií, lingvistikou, teorií systémů a kulturní antropologií. Sociální reprezentace jsou souborem organizovaných a strukturovaných poznatků na úrovni základního společenského systému. Činí pro nás realitu srozumitelnou, bezpečnou a dávají nám možnost snadněji se v ní orientovat a sdílet ji s ostatními.
This study is divided into three main parts: The first is about position of social representations in the system of present psychology and possibilities of their use for present science and research. The second is trying to explain background of their origin and describes philosophical-sociological roots of this theory. The third part of this paper explores their formal structure. Theory of social representation has never been statistic and hypothetical construct, but has ever been trying to adapt flexibly to always changing context of reality. Social representations are ideas in movement, they are dynamic and open phenomena and their concept is formed and transformed together with the changing context. Theory of social representations helped to transform social psychology into postmodern science, which exceeds borders between psychology, sociology, philosophy, linguistics, theory of systems and cultural anthropology. Social representations are collection of organized and structured knowledges at the level of basic social system. They make the reality clear and safe for us. They give us possibility to orientate in reality easier and to share it with others.
- MeSH
- humanitní vědy psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologická teorie MeSH
- sociální psychologie * metody trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
310 s. : il.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoanalytická terapie MeSH
- skupinová psychoterapie metody MeSH
- systémová analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
