estrogenic activity
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Mixture toxicity, including agonistic and antagonistic effects, is an unrevealed environmental problem. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors are known to cause adverse effects for aquatic biota, but causative chemicals and their contributions to the total activity in sewage sludge remain unknown. Therefore, advanced analytical methods, a yeast bioassay and mixture toxicity models were concurrently applied for the characterization of 8 selected sludges with delectable estrogenic activity (and 3 sludges with no activity as blanks) out of 25 samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The first applied full logistic model adequately explained total activity by considering the concentrations of the monitored compounds. The results showed that the activity was primarily caused by natural estrogens in municipal WWTP sludge. Nevertheless, activity in a sample originating from a car-wash facility was dominantly caused by partial agonists - nonylphenols - and only a model enabling prediction of all dose-response curve parameters of the final mixture curve explained these results. Antiestrogenic effects were negligible, and effect-directed analysis identified the causative chemicals.
Estrogenic pollutants are a heterogeneous group of substances, contaminating the water environment. This group includes endogenous estrogens, naturally producing by organisms, exogenous estrogens that are contaminating the environment as a consequence of metabolical degradation and subsequent excretion and also other substances with estrogenic activity that have broad spectrum of industrial utilization. This work summarizes physiological molecular- -biological nature of action estrogenic substances, and the pathological effect on the organism, leading to plenty health complications, such as endocrine disruption or tumorigenesis. There are also discussed possible ways of degradation of these substances from waste water that are contaminated by substances with estrogenic potential.
- Klíčová slova
- endokrinní disrupce, estrogen-responsivní element, malformace,
- MeSH
- biodegradace * MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory škodlivé účinky MeSH
- estrogeny * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- karcinogeneze chemicky indukované MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory chemicky indukované MeSH
- nemoci endokrinního systému chemicky indukované MeSH
- obojživelníci MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování metody MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
- ryby MeSH
- transkripční faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- znečištění vody prevence a kontrola škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) degradation was investigated using white rot fungi and their oxidative enzymes. Strains of the Trametes, Pleurotus, Bjerkandera and Dichomitus genera eliminated almost 1 mM TBBPA within 4 days. Laccase, whose role in TBBPA degradation was demonstrated in fungal cultures, was applied to TBBPA degradation alone and in combination with cellobiose dehydrogenase from Sclerotium rolfsii. Purified laccase from Trametes versicolor degraded approximately 2 mM TBBPA within 5 h, while the addition of cellobiose dehydrogenase increased the degradation rate to almost 2.5 mM within 3 h. Laccase was used to prepare TBBPA metabolites 2,6-dibromo-4-(2-hydroxypropane-2-yl) phenol (1), 2,6-dibromo-4-(2-methoxypropane-2-yl) phenol (2) and 1-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphen-1-yl)-2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol (3). As compounds 1 and 3 were identical to the TBBPA metabolites prepared by using rat and human liver fractions (Zalko et al., 2006), laccase can provide a simple means of preparing these metabolites for toxicity studies. Products 1 and 2 exhibited estrogenic effects, unlike TBBPA, but lower cell toxicity.
In vitro assays are broadly used tools to evaluate the estrogenic activity in Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluents and their receiving rivers. Since potencies of individual estrogens to induce in vitro and in vivo responses can differ it is not possible to directly evaluate risks based on in vitro measures of estrogenic activity. Estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alfa-ethinylestradiol and to some extent, estriol have been shown to be responsible for the majority of in vitro estrogenic activity of municipal WWTP effluents. Therefore, in the present study safe concentrations of Estrogenic Equivalents (EEQs-SSE) in municipal WWTP effluents were derived based on simplified assumption that the steroid estrogens are responsible for all estrogenicity determined with particular in vitro assays. EEQs-SSEs were derived using the bioassay and testing protocol-specific in vitro potencies of steroid estrogens, in vivo predicted no effect concentration (PNECs) of these compounds, and their relative contributions to the overall estrogenicity detected in municipal WWTP effluents. EEQs-SSEs for 15 individual bioassays varied from 0.1 to 0.4ng EEQ/L. The EEQs-SSEs are supposed to be increased by use of location-specific dilution factors of WWTP effluents entering receiving rivers. They are applicable to municipal wastewater and rivers close to their discharges, but not to industrial waste waters.
- MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- estreny analýza MeSH
- estrogeny analýza MeSH
- kvalita vody normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Estrogenic compounds as well as other biologically active substances are commonly present in the form of complex mixtures in the environment. There is still no satisfactory model that would be capable of predicting the toxic effects of mixtures containing partial receptor agonists and compounds with different parameters of their dose-response curves. Therefore, a novel Full Logistic Model (FLM) of prediction using all the parameters of dose-response curves has been suggested and compared with previously published approaches. We tested the receptor-binding activities of selected estrogens including full and partial agonists and their mixtures using yeast reporter gene assays and the human T47D cell line. Combination effects were modeled with FLM and predicted curves were compared with the data obtained experimentally. FLM yielded a good fit to the experimental data from both the receptor-binding assays and gave better predictions than the previously published approaches. FLM also provided satisfactory results regarding final partial agonistic dose-response curves with maximum influenced by the inhibitory effect of the partial agonist. FLM is not limited by any simplification like the toxic equivalency factor approach or generalized concentration addition and therefore it could be employed for mixtures containing chemicals with different parameters of their dose-response curves (maximum, minimum, inflex point or slope).
- MeSH
- benzhydrylové sloučeniny farmakologie MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chemokin CXCL12 metabolismus MeSH
- estradiol farmakologie MeSH
- estrogeny farmakologie MeSH
- fenoly farmakologie MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- logistické modely * MeSH
- reportérové geny MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Aquatic biotests are important tools targeting various effects in ecotoxicology, including endocrine disruption. Unintentional exposure of bioassay organisms to endocrine disruptors during cultivation or testing may interfere with assessed endpoints. We illustrate this issue on the example of laboratory phytoplankton cultivation, where possible sources of estrogenic compounds have been revealed. Fifty-four blank samples (water and fresh or cultivated growth media) were assessed by in vitro biotests for their estrogenicity, and major known estrogens originating from plastic materials, bisphenol A and alkylphenols, were analyzed in selected samples. The samples of freshly prepared growth medium elicited weak estrogenic response in bioassays and some samples of the aerated media caused responses even above the 50% of maximum of the reference compound (17β-estradiol, E2), while the samples from diverse laboratory water sources did not show significant estrogenic activity. The results identified substances contained in the growth medium as minor but reproducible contributors to estrogenicity in the cultivations. Sporadic but significant effects (up to 4.9 ng E2 equivalent/L) can be ascribed to compounds released from the used plastic materials during aeration of the cultivations. The potential sources of unintentional exposure to estrogenic compounds need to be considered in aquatic cultivations and biotests, since they could impact their outcomes, especially in arrangements assessing reproduction or whole life cycle biotests, or production of bioactive compounds by phytoplankton. The findings emphasize the necessity to assess all relevant blanks, ideally by sensitive high throughput in vitro assays that reflect also unknown pollutants and minimize all potential sources of background contamination. In vitro assays show very good applicability for this purpose since they enable to screen for any background estrogenicity of the used media and materials without the need of analyzing individual compounds, which often might not be known.
- MeSH
- estrogeny diagnostické užití MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- peroxidasy MeSH
- prsy MeSH
- uterus MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
This review discusses the potential contribution of phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens to in vitro estrogenic activities occurring in surface waters and in vivo estrogenic effects in fish. Main types, sources, and pathways of entry into aquatic environment of these detected compounds were summarized. Reviewed concentrations of phyto/mycoestrogens in surface waters were mostly undetectable or in low ng/L ranges, but exceeded tens of μg/L for the flavonoids biochanin A, daidzein and genistein at some sites. While a few phytosterols were reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in surface waters, information about their potencies in in vitro systems is very limited, and contradictory in some cases. The relative estrogenic activities of compounds (compared to standard estrogen 17β-estradiol) by various in vitro assays were included, and found to differ by orders of magnitude. These potencies were used to estimate total potential estrogenic activities based on chemical analyses of phyto/mycoestrogens. In vivo effective concentrations of waterborne phyto/mycoestrogens were available only for biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, genistein, equol, sitosterol, and zearalenone. The lowest observable effect concentrations in vivo were reported for the mycoestrogen zearalenone. This compound and especially its metabolites also elicited the highest in vitro estrogenic potencies. Despite the limited information available, the review documents low contribution of phyto/mycoestrogens to estrogenic activity in vast majority of surface waters, but significant contribution to in vitro responses and potentially also to in vivo effects in areas with high concentrations.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza toxicita MeSH
- fytoestrogeny * analýza toxicita MeSH
- isoflavony * analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Stagnant water bodies have generally received little attention regarding the presence of endocrine disruptive compounds, although they can integrate diverse pollutants from multiple different sources. Many compounds of anthropogenic as well as natural origin can contribute to the overall estrogenicity of surface waters and some of them can exhibit adverse effects on aquatic biota even in very low concentrations. This study focused on freshwater ponds and reservoirs affected by water blooms and determined the estrogenic activity of water by in vitro bioassay as well as concentrations of several important groups of estrogenic compounds (estrogenic hormones, alkylphenols, and phytoestrogens) by LC-MS/MS analyses. Estrogenic hormones were found at concentrations up to 7.1 ng.L-1, similarly to flavonoids, whose concentrations did not exceed 12.5 ng.L-1. Among alkylphenols, only bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol were detected in levels reaching 100 ng.L-1 at maximum. Estrogenic activity of water samples varied from below the quantification limit to 1.95 ng.L-1. There does not seem to be any general causal link of the massive phytoplankton occurrence with the estrogenicity of water or concentration of phytoestrogens, since they showed no direct relationship with the phytoplankton abundance or composition across sites. The contribution of the analysed compounds to the estrogenic activity was calculated in three scenarios. In minimum scenario, just the compounds above quantification limit (LOQ) were taken into account and for most samples, only minor part (<6%) of the biological activity could be explained. In the mean and maximum scenarios, we included also compounds below LOQ into the calculations at the level of LOQ/2 and LOQ, respectively. In these cases, a considerable part of the estrogenic activity could be attributed to the possible presence of steroid estrogens below LOQ. However, for the samples with estrogenic activity greater than 1 ng.L-1, more than 50% of the estrogenic activity remained unexplained even in the maximum scenario. Probably other compounds or possible interactions between individual substances cause the estrogenic activity in these types of water bodies and in this case, the results of LC-MS/MS analyses cannot sufficiently predict the biological effects. A complex approach including bioassays is needed when assessing the estrogenicity of these types of surface waters.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- endokrinní disruptory analýza metabolismus MeSH
- estrogeny analýza metabolismus MeSH
- fytoplankton chemie metabolismus MeSH
- sladká voda chemie MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
