The perception of a voice in the absence of an external auditory source-an auditory verbal hallucination-is a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia. To better understand this phenomenon requires integration of findings across behavioural, functional, and neurochemical levels. We address this with a locally adapted MEGA-PRESS sequence incorporating interleaved unsuppressed water acquisitions, allowing concurrent assessment of behaviour, blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional changes, Glutamate + Glutamine (Glx), and GABA, synchronised with a cognitive (flanker) task. We acquired data from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of 51 patients with psychosis (predominantly schizophrenia spectrum disorder) and hallucinations, matched to healthy controls. Consistent with the notion of an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, we hypothesized differential effects for Glx and GABA between groups, and aberrant dynamics in response to task. Results showed impaired task performance, lower baseline Glx and positive association between Glx and BOLD in patients, contrasting a negative correlation in healthy controls. Task-related increases in Glx were observed in both groups, with no significant difference between groups. No significant effects were observed for GABA. These findings suggest that a putative excitatory/inhibitory imbalance affecting inhibitory control in the ACC is primarily observed as tonic, baseline glutamate differences, rather than GABAergic effects or aberrant dynamics in relation to a task.

• MeSH
• Gyrus Cinguli metabolism   physiopathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• gamma-Aminobutyric Acid * metabolism   MeSH
• Glutamine metabolism   MeSH
• Hallucinations * metabolism   physiopathology   MeSH
• Cognition * physiology   MeSH
• Glutamic Acid * metabolism   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Psychotic Disorders * metabolism   physiopathology   MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), have been identified as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant-microbe interactions. The subcellular localization of the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ROS-producing enzyme RBOHD was examined in Bright Yellow-2 cells before and after elicitation with the oomycete protein cryptogein using electron and confocal microscopy. The plasma membrane (PM) localization of RBOHD was confirmed and immuno-electron microscopy on purified PM vesicles revealed its distribution in clusters. The presence of the protein fused to GFP was also seen in intracellular compartments, mainly Golgi cisternae. Cryptogein induced, within 1h, a 1.5-fold increase in RBOHD abundance at the PM and a concomitant decrease in the internal compartments. Use of cycloheximide revealed that most of the proteins targeted to the PM upon elicitation were not newly synthesized but may originate from the Golgi pool. ROS accumulation preceded RBOHD transcript- and protein-upregulation, indicating that ROS resulted from the activation of a PM-resident pool of enzymes, and that enzymes newly addressed to the PM were inactive. Taken together, the results indicate that control of RBOH abundance and subcellular localization may play a fundamental role in the mechanism of ROS production.

• MeSH
• Cell Membrane metabolism   MeSH
• Fungal Proteins metabolism   MeSH
• Microscopy, Confocal MeSH
• Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
• NADPH Oxidases genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Phytophthora physiology   MeSH
• Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Nicotiana genetics   metabolism   microbiology   MeSH
• Microscopy, Electron, Transmission MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Angiotensin II pharmacology   MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Hypoxia MeSH
• Blood Pressure radiation effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Nonlinear Dynamics MeSH
• Animals, Newborn MeSH
• Pulmonary Circulation physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Aging MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

Rationale: Definitive guidelines for anticoagulation management during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) are lacking, whereas bleeding complications continue to pose major challenges. Objectives: To describe anticoagulation modalities and bleeding events in adults receiving VV ECMO. Methods: This was an international prospective observational study in 41 centers, from December 2018 to February 2021. Anticoagulation was recorded daily in terms of type, dosage, and monitoring strategy. Bleeding events were reported according to site, severity, and impact on mortality. Measurements and Main Results: The study cohort included 652 patients, and 8,471 days on ECMO were analyzed. Unfractionated heparin was the initial anticoagulant in 77% of patients, and the most frequently used anticoagulant during the ECMO course (6,221 d; 73%). Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was the most common test for monitoring coagulation (86% of days): the median value was 52 seconds (interquartile range, 39 to 61 s) but dropped by 5.3 seconds after the first bleeding event (95% confidence interval, -7.4 to -3.2; P < 0.01). Bleeding occurred on 1,202 days (16.5%). Overall, 342 patients (52.5%) experienced at least one bleeding event (one episode every 215 h on ECMO), of which 10 (1.6%) were fatal. In a multiple penalized Cox proportional hazard model, higher aPTT was a potentially modifiable risk factor for the first episode of bleeding (for 20-s increase; hazard ratio, 1.07). Conclusions: Anticoagulation during VV ECMO was a dynamic process, with frequent stopping in cases of bleeding and restart according to the clinical picture. Future studies might explore lower aPTT targets to reduce the risk of bleeding.

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants adverse effects   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Blood Coagulation MeSH
• Heparin * adverse effects   MeSH
• Hemorrhage chemically induced   therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation * adverse effects   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Observational Study MeSH

Vyšetření cerebrovaskulární rezervní kapacity (CVRC) je základním předpokladem indikace EC-IC bypassu u pacientů s okluzivní nemocí vnitřních karotid. Kromě již dobře popsaných a zavedených metod (PET, TCD, perfuzní CT a XeCT) se v posledních letech dostává do popředí zájmu také vyšetření pomocí magnetické rezonance (MR), tedy vyšetření poskytující informace o perfuzi v celém objemu mozkové tkáně a zároveň nevystavující pacienta radiační zátěži, za použití určitých metod proveditelné dokonce bez aplikace exogenní kontrastní látky. V tomto přehledném referátu shrnujeme možnosti vyšetření CVRC pomocí metod MR, tedy vyšetření pomocí metod dynamic susceptibility contrast, arterial spin labeling a pomocí metody založené na hodnocení tzv. BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) efektu. Pro každou metodu práce předkládá její výhody a nevýhody, přináší přehled dostupných literárních údajů a na jejich základě shrnuje možné nálezy a navrhuje jejich interpretaci.

The evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) is the basic precondition required for EC-IC bypass indication in patients with occlusive internal carotid disease. In addition to the already well described and established methods (PET, TCD, perfusion CT and XeCT), in the last years, a new interest in evaluation with the use of MRI methods has emerged. The MRI provides information on perfusion in the whole volume of the brain and it does not expose patients to ionizing radiation. Moreover, with the use of some techniques, the examination can be performed without the use of exogenous contrast agent. In this review, we summarize the possibilities of CVRC examination with the use of magnetic resonance methods, namely the dynamic susceptibility contrast, arterial spin labeling and BOLD effect. The work presents the advantages and the disadvantages for each of these methods, provides the overview of the currently available literary sources and on their basis, the possible findings are summarized and the interpretation is proposed.

• MeSH
• Carotid Artery, Internal surgery   physiopathology   MeSH
• Staining and Labeling MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Contrast Media MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods   utilization   MeSH
• Evidence-Based Medicine trends   MeSH
• Cerebrovascular Circulation physiology   MeSH
• Cerebral Revascularization methods   utilization   MeSH
• Carotid Stenosis MeSH
• Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care methods   utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Abnormal task-related activation and connectivity is present in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was the analysis of functional networks in schizophrenia patients in remission after the first episode. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Twenty-nine male patients in remission after the first episode of schizophrenia and 22 healthy controls underwent examination by functional magnetic resonance during verbal fluency tasks (VFT). The functional connectivity of brain networks was analyzed using independent component analysis. RESULTS: The patients showed lower activation of the salience network during VFT. They also showed lower deactivation of the default mode network (DMN) during VFT processing. Spectral analysis of the component time courses showed decreased power in slow frequencies of signal fluctuations in the salience and DMNs and increased power in higher frequencies in the left frontoparietal cortex reflecting higher fluctuations of the network activity. Moreover, there was decreased similarity of component time courses in schizophrenia—the patients had smaller negative correlation between VFT activated and deactivated networks, and smaller positive correlations between DMN subcomponents. CONCLUSIONS: There is still an abnormal functional connectivity of several brain networks in remission after the first episode of schizophrenia. The effect of different treatment modalities on brain connectivity, together with temporal dynamics of this functional abnormality should be the objective of further studies to assess its potential as a marker of disease stabilization.

• MeSH
• Principal Component Analysis MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Functional Laterality MeSH
• Oxygen blood   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Brain Mapping * MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Brain blood supply   pathology   MeSH
• Neural Pathways pathology   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Psychiatric Status Rating Scales MeSH
• Schizophrenia pathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

V autorově pojetí je homeostáza základní životní funkcí. Upozorňuje na úskalí sledování změn homeostázy a na postupy, jak změny homeostázy řešit. Z teoretických základů a z mnohaletých zkušeností uvádí praktické příklady, jak pomáhat organismu zachovat dynamickou rovnováhu ve vnitřním prostředí.

In the author‘s concept is homeostasis an essential vital life function. Draws attention to the pitfalls of tracking changes of homeostasis and procedures as changes of homeostasis to deal with. Of the theoretical foundations and many years of experience provides practical examples of how to help the body maintain dynamic equilibrium in the internal environment.

• MeSH
• Acid-Base Equilibrium physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electric Impedance MeSH
• Electrocardiography utilization   MeSH
• Homeostasis * physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Hypoglycemia diagnosis   prevention & control   therapy   MeSH
• Hypovolemia diagnosis   prevention & control   therapy   MeSH
• Hypoxia diagnosis   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Clinical Chemistry Tests * methods   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Calorimetry, Indirect methods   utilization   MeSH
• Osmolar Concentration MeSH
• Reference Values MeSH
• Life Support Care methods   utilization   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Body Fluids * physiology   chemistry   drug effects   MeSH
• Water-Electrolyte Balance physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Lasers MeSH
• Publication type
• Meeting Abstract MeSH
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Optika
• NML Fields
• fyzika, biofyzika
• technika

• MeSH
• Physiological Phenomena MeSH
• Publication type
• Textbook MeSH

• Conspectus
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NML Fields
• fyziologie

• MeSH
• Psychopharmacology MeSH
• Publication type
• Congress MeSH
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NML Fields
• psychofarmakologie