Léčba karcinomu prostaty zaznamenala za posledních 10 let výrazné pokroky. V terapii lokalizovaných stadií je kladen důraz na kvalitu života pacientů po radikální léčbě a snahu o minimalizaci pozdních nežádoucích účinků léčby. Pacienti dosahují velmi dobrých léčebných výsledků a jejich celkové přežití, resp. nádorově specifické přežití je ve srovnání s jinými malignitami znatelně lepší. Podobný trend lze zaznamenat v případech generalizovaného onemocnění. Pokroky v paliativní systémové terapii metastatického karcinomu prostaty se pozitivně promítly do zlepšení celkového, resp. nádorově specifického přežití. Terapie cílená na androgenní receptor nabízí pacientům s generalizovaným karcinomem prostaty nové perspektivy nejen z pohledu zlepšení celkového přežití, ale především kvality života během léčby. Záměrem tohoto souhrnného článku je poskytnout přehled současných možností terapie metastazujícího, hormonálně senzitivního karcinomu prostaty.

Therapy of prostate cancer has improved significantly over the past 10 years. In the treatment of localized stages, the emphasis is on the quality of life of patients after radical treatment and the effort to minimize late adverse effects of treatment. Patients achieve very good treatment results and their overall and cancer-specific survival is significantly better compared to other malignancies. A similar trend is seen in patients with metastatic disease. Advances in palliative systemic therapy noticeably changed and improved overall and cancer-specific survival. The new generation of antiandrogens offers patients with metastatic prostate cancer new perspectives not only in terms of survival but especially in the quality of life during treatment. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current treatment options for metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

• Klíčová slova
• studie LATITUDE,
• MeSH
• abirateron farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• docetaxel farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hormonální protinádorové látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze III jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• nádory prostaty * terapie   MeSH
• nádory závislé na hormonech terapie   MeSH
• protinádorové látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové léčby MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

Global change influences species' seasonal occurrence, or phenology. In cold-adapted insects, the activity is expected to start earlier with a warming climate, but contradictory evidence exists, and the reactions may be linked to species-specific traits. Using data from the GBIF database, we selected 105 single-brooded Holarctic butterflies inhabiting broad latitudinal ranges. We regressed patterns of an adult flight against latitudes of the records, controlling for altitude and year effects. Species with delayed flight periods towards the high latitudes, or stable flight periods across latitudes, prevailed over those that advanced their flight towards the high latitudes. The responses corresponded with the species' seasonality (flight of early season species was delayed and flight of summer species was advanced at high latitudes) and oceanic vs. continental climatic niches (delays in oceanic, stability in continental species). Future restructuring of butterfly seasonal patterns in high latitudes will reflect climatic niches, and hence the evolutionary history of participating species.

• MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• klimatické změny MeSH
• motýli * MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

Latitude gradients and secular trends in Europe and North America have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births) which is expected to be 0.515. Annual national data for Czechoslovakia and the post-Czechoslovakian (Czech Republic and Slovakia) countries for male and female live births were obtained from the World Health Organisation and analysed with contingency tables. This study analysed 13,123,538 live births. An overall decreasing trend in M/F was found (p < 00001). No latitude gradient was noted. There was an overall deficit of 15,232 male births based on an M/F of 0.515. M/F is declining in this region, despite well developing economies that have resisted the worldwide slowdown. An interplay of several poorly understood factors is likely.

• MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• porodnost trendy   MeSH
• statistika jako téma * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Československo MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: The male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births), which is anticipated to approximate 0.515, has been shown to exhibit latitude gradients and secular trends. METHODS: Annual national data for male and female live births for the 15 countries that comprise the former Soviet Union were obtained from the World Health Organisation for the period 1980-2009 (115,167,569 total live births) and analysed with contingency tables. Spearman correlation was also carried out to compare percentage annual gross domestic product growth (GDP%--downloaded from the World Bank) and M/F. In this context, GDP% is used as a measure for economic hardship or wellbeing within the populace. RESULTS: There have been overall highly significant secular increases in M/F (p < 0.0001) in the countries and regions investigated. M/F is significantly lower in the three more northern regions (Russian Federation, Baltic States and Central Asia. M/F 0.51324, 0.51335-0.51314) than the two more southern regions (Southern Caucasus and Eastern Europe. M/F 0.51654, 0.51635-0.51672). There was a male excess of 113,818 live births.There was a significant positive correlation between GDP% and M/F for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. There was a significant negative correlation in Estonia. CONCLUSION: Previous studies have shown that improving socioeconomic conditions increase M/F, and the converse has also been demonstrated. This is a potential influence in this geographical area since this region has relatively recently emerged from communist rule and experienced an overall economic upturn, but is only partially supported using GDP%. Another factor may be the selective termination of female pregnancies. The latitude gradient parallels that of neighbouring Europe but no theory has been put forward to convincingly explain this finding to date.

• MeSH
• interpretace statistických dat MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poměr pohlaví MeSH
• porodnost trendy   MeSH
• Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• SSSR MeSH

BACKGROUND: Latitude gradients and secular trends in Europe and North America have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births) which approximates 0.515. METHODS: Annual national data for Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslavia States for male and female live births were obtained from the World Health Organisation and analysed with contingency tables. RESULTS: This study analysed 22,020,729 live births. There was a increasing trend in M/F prior to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia (1950-1990, p = 0.002), followed by a decreasing trend after 1990 (p = 0.02). A latitude gradient was also noted, with more males being born in southern, warmer latitudes (p < 0.0001). There was an overall excess of 42,753 male births based on an anticipated M/F of 0.515. CONCLUSION: M/F is decreasing in this region, similar to the rest of Europe and North America. A latitude gradient is also present with more males being born in warmer (more Southern) latitudes (p < 0.0001), even in this small region and over the short time-frame studied.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poměr pohlaví * MeSH
• porodnost etnologie   trendy   MeSH
• sekularismus * MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jugoslávie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Age at onset (AAO) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important marker of disease severity and may have prognostic significance. Understanding what factors can influence AAO may shed light on the aetiology of this complex disease, and have applications in the diagnostic process. METHODS: The study cohort of 22 162 eligible patients from 21 countries was extracted from the MSBase registry. Only patients with MS aged ≥16 years were included. To reduce heterogeneity, only centres of largely European descent were included for analysis. AAO was defined as the year of the first symptom suggestive of inflammatory central nervous system demyelination. Predictors of AAO were evaluated by linear regression. RESULTS: Compared with those living in lower latitudes (19.0-39.9°), onset of symptoms was 1.9 years earlier for those at higher latitudes (50.0-56.0°) (p=3.83×10(-23)). A reciprocal relationship was seen for ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR), with a significantly increasing AAO for patients with MS per each quartile increment of ambient UVR (p=1.56×10(-17)). We found that the AAO of female patients was ∼5 months earlier than male patients (p=0.002). AAO of progressive-onset patients with MS were ∼9 years later than relapsing-onset patients (p=1.40×10(-265)). CONCLUSIONS: An earlier AAO in higher latitude regions was found in this worldwide European-descent cohort and correlated inversely with variation in latitudinal UVR. These results suggest that environmental factors which act at the population level may significantly influence disease severity characteristics in genetically susceptible populations.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• genetika MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lékařská geografie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření MeSH
• věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Evropa MeSH

Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica is a rare human pathogen mostly associated with parasitic flies. This is the report on W. chitiniclastica infection in the soft tissue and bone at a 58°N latitude in the northern temperate climate zone. The importance of correct identification of clinically relevant bacteria is highlighted.

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce měkkých tkání komplikace   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• osteomyelitida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• Xanthomonadaceae klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Estonsko MeSH

Survival at high latitude requires the capability to cope with seasonally imposed stress, such as low winter temperatures or large temperature fluctuations. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is an invasive pest of potato that has rapidly spread from low latitudes to higher latitudes. During the last 30 years, a decrease in range expansion speed is apparent in Europe. We use a comparative approach to assess whether this could be due to an inability of L. decemlineata to cope with the harsher winters encountered at high latitude, when compared to two native northern chrysomelid beetles with similar overwintering ecology. We investigated several cold-tolerance-related physiological traits at different time points during winter. Cold tolerance followed a latitudinal pattern; the northern species were more tolerant to short-term subzero temperatures than the invasive L. decemlineata. The other northern species, the knotgrass leaf beetle, Chrysolina polita, was found to tolerate internal freezing. Interestingly, the pattern for overwinter survival at 5°C was the opposite and higher in L. decemlineata than the northern species and could be related to behavioral differences between species in overwintering location selection and a potential physiological trade-off between tolerance to cold shock and to chronic cold exposure. Furthermore, while the northern species accumulated large amounts of different sugars and polyols with probable cryoprotectant functions, none were detected in L. decemlineata at high concentrations. This lack of cryoprotectant accumulation could explain the difference in cold tolerance between the species and also suggests that a lack of physiological capacity to tolerate low temperatures could slow further latitudinal range expansion of L. decemlineata.

• MeSH
• aklimatizace MeSH
• brouci fyziologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• nízká teplota * MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Isolated glacial refugia have been documented in Central Europe for a number of taxa, but conclusive evidence for epigean aquatic species has remained elusive. Using molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear markers), we compared the spatial patterns of lineage diversity of the widely distributed Gammarus fossarum species complex between two adjacent biogeographically and geomorphologically distinct Central European regions: the Bohemian Massif and the Western Carpathians. We investigated if the observed patterns of spatial diversity are more likely to stem from historical or present-day factors. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses revealed eight phylogenetically diverse lineages: two exhibiting local signatures of recent demographic expansion inhabit both regions, while the other six display a relict distributional pattern and are found only in the Western Carpathians. Molecular dating indicates that these lineages are old and probably diverged throughout the Miocene (7-18Ma). Furthermore, their distribution does not seem to be constrained by the present boundaries of river catchments or topography. The contrasting spatial patterns of diversity observed between the two regions thus more likely result from historical rather than contemporaneous or recent factors. Our results indicate that despite the high latitude and proximity to the Pleistocene ice sheets, the Western Carpathians functioned as long-term glacial refugia for permanent freshwater fauna, allowing the uninterrupted survival of ancient lineages through millions of years of drastic climatic fluctuations.

• MeSH
• Amphipoda genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• mitochondrie genetika   MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• podnebí * MeSH
• refugium * MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies widely among individuals. Understanding the determinants of this heterogeneity will help clinicians optimize the management of MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between latitude of residence, UV B radiation (UVB) exposure, and the severity of MS. METHODS: This observational study used the MSBase registry data. The included patients met the 2005 or 2010 McDonald diagnostic criteria for MS and had a minimum dataset recorded in the registry (date of birth, sex, clinic location, date of MS symptom onset, disease phenotype at baseline and censoring, and ≥1 Expanded Disability Status Scale score recorded). The latitude of each study center and cumulative annualized UVB dose at study center (calculated from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) at ages 6 and 18 years and the year of disability assessment were calculated. Disease severity was quantified with Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). Quadratic regression was used to model the associations between latitude, UVB, and MSSS. RESULTS: The 46,128 patients who contributed 453,208 visits and a cumulative follow-up of 351,196 patient-years (70% women, mean age 39.2 ± 12 years, resident between latitudes 19°35' and 56°16') were included in this study. Latitude showed a nonlinear association with MS severity. In latitudes <40°, more severe disease was associated with higher latitudes (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.04-0.12). For example, this translates into a mean difference of 1.3 points of MSSS between patients living in Madrid and Copenhagen. No such association was observed in latitudes <40° (β = -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.03). The overall disability accrual was faster in those with a lower level of estimated UVB exposure before the age of 6 years (β = - 0.5, 95% CI -0.6 to 0.4) and 18 years (β = - 0.6, 95% CI -0.7 to 0.4), as well as with lower lifetime UVB exposure at the time of disability assessment (β = -1.0, 95% CI -1.1 to 0.9). DISCUSSION: In temperate zones, MS severity is associated with latitude. This association is mainly, but not exclusively, driven by UVB exposure contributing to both MS susceptibility and severity.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• roztroušená skleróza * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• ultrafialové záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH