People are remarkably good at remembering photographs. To further investigate the nature of the stored representations and the fidelity of human memories, it would be useful to evaluate the visual similarity of stimuli presented in experiments. Here, we explored the possible use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) as a measure of perceptual or representational similarity of visual scenes with respect to visual memory research. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with sets of nine images from the same scene category and tested whether they were able to detect the most distant scene in the image space defined by CNN. Experiment 2 was a visual variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. We asked participants to remember a set of photographs from the same scene category. The photographs were preselected based on their distance to a particular visual prototype (defined as centroid of the image space). In the recognition test, we observed higher false alarm rates for scenes closer to this visual prototype. Our findings show that the similarity measured by CNN is reflected in human behavior: people can detect odd-one-out scenes or be lured to false alarms with similar stimuli. This method can be used for further studies regarding visual memory for complex scenes.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuronové sítě (počítačové) MeSH
• paměť * MeSH
• rozpomínání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Humans can memorize and later recognize many objects and complex scenes. In this study, we prepared large photographs and presented participants with only partial views to test the fidelity of their memories. The unpresented parts of the photographs were used as a source of distractors with similar semantic and perceptual information. Additionally, we presented overlapping views to determine whether the second presentation provided a memory advantage for later recognition tests. Experiment 1 (N = 28) showed that while people were good at recognizing presented content and identifying new foils, they showed a remarkable level of uncertainty about foils selected from the unseen parts of presented photographs (false alarm, 59%). The recognition accuracy was higher for the parts that were shown twice, irrespective of whether the same identical photograph was viewed twice or whether two photographs with overlapping content were observed. In Experiment 2 (N = 28), the memorability of the large image was estimated by a pre-trained deep neural network. Neither the recognition accuracy for an image part nor the tendency for false alarms correlated with the memorability. Finally, in Experiment 3 (N = 21), we repeated the experiment while measuring eye movements. Fixations were biased toward the center of the original large photograph in the first presentation, and this bias was repeated during the second presentation in both identical and overlapping views. Altogether, our experiments show that people recognize parts of remembered photographs, but they find it difficult to reject foils from unseen parts, suggesting that their memory representation is not sufficiently detailed to rule them out as distractors.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Práce navazuje na předchozí článek a věnuje se důsledkům dystyreózy v dalších lékařských oborech. Gastroenterologové, pečující o nemocné s celiakií, by měli pátrat po koincidenci s hypotyreózou., která může provázet i atrofickou gastritis. Léčba blokátory protonové pumpy může ovlivnit resorbci levotyroxinu. Problematika postižení srdce u osob s tyreopatiemi je dobře známá, nicméně dalšími i zobrazovacími i biochemickými metodami bude patrně možné odhalit i jemnější postižení srdce u subklinických stavů. Na rozvoj autoimunitního onemocnění má vliv podávání interferonu, který je využíván řadou oborů. U žen s karcinomem prsu jsou častěji prokazovány protilátky proti štítné žláze a je častěji odhalena subklinická porucha funkce než u kontrolního souboru. Významný přínos může mít spolupráce gynekologů a endokrinologů, protože nejméně 4% těhotných žen nevědí o své dystyreóze, která však může mít negativní dopad na psychomotorický vývoj plodu. Aktivní pátrání po onemocnění štítné žlázy a přítomnost protilátek je u vybraných onemocnění plně indikováno.

This paper follows on the previous article and describes the consequences of thyroid dysfunction in other medical branches. When treating celiac disease gastroenterologists should look for coincidentile hypothyreosis, which may also be associated with atrophic gastritis. Treatment by proton pump blockers may influence resorbtion of levothroxin. Heart disease problems in patients with thyreopathy is well known, yet further diagnostic methods may probably reveal even more nuanced heart complications in subclinical cases. The development of autoimmune disease is influenced by treatment with interferon, which is used in other medical branches. In female patients with breast cancer, antithyroid antibodies are found more frequently, and also subclinical dysfunctions are discovered more often than in the control group. Co-operation between gynecologists and endocrinologists may yield significant results, since a min, 4% of pregnant women are unaware of their thyroid malfunction. The malfunction may have negative impact on fetus psychomotoric development. Active search for thyroid gland dysfunction, existence of antibodies is in selected diseases fully warranted.

• MeSH
• autoimunitní tyreoiditida komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci štítné žlázy komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Previous studies have demonstrated that humans have a remarkable capacity to memorise a large number of scenes. The research on memorability has shown that memory performance can be predicted by the content of an image. We explored how remembering an image is affected by the image properties within the context of the reference set, including the extent to which it is different from its neighbours (image-space sparseness) and if it belongs to the same category as its neighbours (uniformity). We used a reference set of 2,048 scenes (64 categories), evaluated pairwise scene similarity using deep features from a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN), and calculated the image-space sparseness and uniformity for each image. We ran three memory experiments, varying the memory workload with experiment length and colour/greyscale presentation. We measured the sensitivity and criterion value changes as a function of image-space sparseness and uniformity. Across all three experiments, we found separate effects of 1) sparseness on memory sensitivity, and 2) uniformity on the recognition criterion. People better remembered (and correctly rejected) images that were more separated from others. People tended to make more false alarms and fewer miss errors in images from categorically uniform portions of the image-space. We propose that both image-space properties affect human decisions when recognising images. Additionally, we found that colour presentation did not yield better memory performance over grayscale images.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuronové sítě (počítačové) * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpomínání fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Onemocnění štítné žlázy je víceoborové. Porucha funkce štítné žlázy postihuje 4–5 % mladší populace, u seniorů jsou diagnostikována u více než 10 %, u žen častěji v poměru k mužům 6–8 : 1. Porucha funkce štítné žlázy je nečastěji autoimunitní etiologie. Vznik různých druhů autoimunitního tyreoidálního onemocnění lze u některých jedinců očekávat nebo diagnostikovat v časné fázi. V článku je poukázáno na některé souvislosti tyreoidálního autoimunitního onemocnění s diabetologií, dermatologií, hematologií.

Diseases of the thyroid gland involve many areas of medicine. The impairment of thyroid gland function affects 4–5% of younger population and more than 10% of the senior population (in ratio of 6–8 women to every man). Thyroid gland defects are mostly of autoimmune origin. The development of various kind of autoimmune disease in specific cases can be anticipatedd or diagnosed in their early stages. This article emphasizes certain connections of autoimmune thyroid gland diseases with diabetology, dermatology, and hematology.

• MeSH
• autoimunitní nemoci komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci štítné žlázy komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• štítná žláza fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Interaction between a host cell and pathogen is a permanent event and can have either adverse outcome leading to disease or great benefit for their mutual co-existence. Understanding pathological host-pathogen interaction is a prerequisite for unveiling the strategies of pathogens virulence. A number of methods exist today for deciphering and characterizing host-pathogen interaction. To increase their sensitivity and accuracy, these methods are commonly used in combinations, such as affinity purification and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, cross-linking together with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, or stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture with affinity purification. In this review, we focus on study of the early interaction time interval when the pathogen binds and invades the host cell and activates sophisticated mechanisms to overcome the host defense barrier. We briefly describe the methods applied in identifying bacterial-host cell protein interactions while emphasizing these methods' various strengths and weaknesses.

• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Aerial photographs depict objects from an overhead position, which gives them several unusual visual characteristics that are challenging for viewers to perceive and memorize. However, even for untrained viewers, aerial photographs are still meaningful and rich with contextual information. Such visual stimulus properties are considered appropriate and important when testing for expertise effects in visual recognition memory. The current experiment investigated memory recognition in expert image analysts and untrained viewers using two types of aerial photographs. The experts were better than untrained viewers at recognizing both vertical aerial photographs, which is the domain of their expertise, and oblique aerial photographs. Thus, one notable finding is that the superior memory performance of experts is not limited to a domain of expertise but extends to a broader category of large-scale landscape scenes. Furthermore, the experts' recognition accuracy remained relatively stable throughout the experimental conditions, illustrating the ability to use semantic information over strictly visual information in memory processes.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fotografování metody   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odborná způsobilost * MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání obrazu fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

An outspoken opponent of pro-Russian, authoritarian, and far-right streams in contemporary Czech society, Martin C. Putna received a great deal of media attention when he ironically dedicated the Czech edition of Russ-Ukraine-Russia to Miloš Zeman-the pro-Russian president of the Czech Republic. This sense of irony, combined with an extraordinary breadth of scholarly knowledge, infuses Putna's book. Examining key points in Russian cultural and spiritual history, Russ-Ukraine-Russia is essential reading for those wishing to understand the current state of Russia and Ukraine-the so-called heir to an "alternative Russia." Putna uses literary and artistic works to offer a rich analysis of Russia as a cultural and religious phenomenon: tracing its development from the arrival of the Greeks in prehistoric Crimea to its invasion by "little green men" in 2014; explaining the cultural importance in Russ of the Vikings as well as Pussy Riot; exploring central Russian figures from St. Vladimir the Great to Vladimir Putin. Unique in its postcolonial perspective, this is not merely a history of Russia or of Russian religion. This book presents Russia as a complex mesh of national, religious, and cultural (especially countercultural) traditions-with strong German, Mongol, Jewish, Catholic, Polish, and Lithuanian influences-a force responsible for creating what we identify as Eastern Europe.

Previous research on cross-cultural differences in visual attention has been inconclusive. Some studies have suggested the existence of systematic differences in global and local attention and context sensitivity, while others have produced negative or mixed results. The objective in this study was to examine the similarities and differences in holistic and analytic cognitive styles in a sample of Czech and Taiwanese university students. Two cognitive tasks were conducted: a Compound Figures Test and a free-viewing scene perception task which manipulated several focal objects and measured eye-movement patterns. An analysis of the reaction times in the Compound Figures Test showed no clear differences between either sample. An analysis of eye-movement metrics showed certain differences between the samples. While Czechs tended to focus relatively more on the focal objects measured by the number of fixations, the Taiwanese subjects spent more time fixating on the background. The results were consistent for scenes with one or two focal objects. The results of a correlation analysis of both tasks showed that they were unrelated. These results showed certain differences between the samples in visual perception but were not as systematic as the theory of holistic and analytic cognitive styles would suggest. An alternative model of cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception is discussed.

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oční fixace fyziologie   MeSH
• pohyby očí fyziologie   MeSH
• pozornost fyziologie   MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• univerzity MeSH
• zrak fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Taiwan MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligand RANK krev   MeSH
• metastázy nádorů MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   MeSH
• nádory kostí sekundární   MeSH
• tumor nekrotizující faktory krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH