silver nitrate
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The polyaniline (PANI) base was ball-milled with silver nitrate in the solid state. Samples were prepared at various mole ratios of silver nitrate to PANI constitutional units ranging from 0 to 1.5 for three processing times, 0, 5, and 10 min. The emeraldine form of PANI was oxidized to pernigraniline, and the silver nitrate was reduced to metallic silver. Nitric acid is a byproduct, which may protonate the residual emeraldine and pernigraniline. The changes occurring in the structure of PANI are discussed on the basis of Fourier transform IR and Raman spectroscopies. Raman spectra revealed the formation of pernigraniline salt. The reaction between the two nonconducting components, emeraldine base and silver nitrate, produced a mixture of two conducting components, emeraldine or pernigraniline nitrate and metallic silver. The accompanying conductivity changes were determined. The increase in the conductivity of the original base, 10(-9) S cm(-1), up to 10(-2) S cm(-1) was found to depend on the mole ratio of silver nitrate to PANI base and on the processing time of the components in the ball mill.
- MeSH
- aniliny chemie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- dusičnan stříbrný chemie MeSH
- elektrická vodivost MeSH
- kyslík chemie MeSH
- organická chemie metody MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- Ramanova spektroskopie metody MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací metody MeSH
- stříbro chemie MeSH
- testování materiálů MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- bromidy analýza MeSH
- chloridy analýza MeSH
- dusičnan stříbrný MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- jodidy analýza MeSH
- léčivé přípravky analýza MeSH
- potenciometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- cer MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- dusičnany MeSH
- hojení ran MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- popálení farmakoterapie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- stříbro MeSH
- sulfanilamidy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- dusičnan stříbrný analýza MeSH
- hodnocení léčiv MeSH
- Publikační typ
- farmakopea MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0300-8835 vol. 46 ; suppl. 3
72 s. : il. ; 24 cm
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate the mortality rate, hatching rate and observe the presence of sublethal changes in zebrafish embryos after exposure to silver ions and nanoparticles. METHODS: Tests were conducted on newly fertilized zebrafish embryos, according to the modified OECD guideline 236, using a semistatic method and 96 hour incubation time. Silver nitrate and two different silver nanoparticles, stabilized with 0.01% solution of maltose and gelatine in the first case, and stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone, in the latter, were tested. RESULTS: Significant differences in toxicity of tested substances were recorded. The value of 96hLC50 for silver nitrate was 58.44 μg/L. The value of 96hLC50, calculated for silver nanoparticles stabilized with 0.01% solution of maltose and gelatine, was nearly 100 times higher, 4.31 mg/L. The value 96hLC50 for silver nanoparticles stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone exceeded 100mg/L, occurrence of sublethal effects caused by silver nanoparticles stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone was insignificant in most of the exposition groups, but only in this substance caused decreased hatching rate. CONCLUSION: Properties of different silver nanoparticles play an important role in levels of their toxicity and predominant mechanisms of action. In general, silver nanoparticles are less toxic for Danio rerio embryos than silver ions.
- MeSH
- dánio pruhované MeSH
- dusičnan stříbrný toxicita MeSH
- embryo nesavčí účinky léků MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- maltosa MeSH
- nanočástice * MeSH
- povidon MeSH
- stříbro toxicita MeSH
- želatina MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
