Magnézium (Mg2+) je esenciálny minerál, ktorý sa podieľa na rôznych dôležitých biochemických reakciách v tele matky a plodu. Magnéziová deficiencia v tehotenstve by nemala byť podceňovaná. Počas tehotenstva sú zvýšené požiadavky na príjem magnézia. Hypomagneziémia pozorovaná na zvieracích modeloch umožňuje vyhodnotiť, do akej miery môže nedostatok magnézia ovplyvniť zdravie plodu u ľudí neskoršie v živote. Tento článok sumarizuje dôležitosť magnézia v tehotenstve, zmeny vo farmakokinetike magnézia a dôsledky magnéziovej deficiencie u matky a plodu. Cieľom článku je zodpovedať otázku, či je v tehotenstve potrebná suplementácia magnéziom a ak áno, v akom rozsahu.
Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral that participates in different and important biochemical reactions in the maternal body and in the foetus. Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy should not be underestimated. Requirements for magnesium are increased during pregnancy. The hypomagnesaemia observed in animal models provides the ability to evaluate to what extent the deficiency can influence human offspring later in life. This article summarizes the importance of magnesium in pregnancy, changes in magnesium pharmacokinetics, and consequences of maternal and foetal magnesium deficiency. The article aims to answer whether it is necessary to supplement with magnesium during pregnancy and, if so, to what extent.
- MeSH
- Magnesium administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnesium Deficiency * embryology etiology drug therapy prevention & control MeSH
- Dietary Supplements classification MeSH
- Pregnant People * MeSH
- Fetal Development MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Nárast obezity a problémy pri jej liečbe, motivácia a snaha ľudí o redukciu a kontrolu telesnej hmotnosti, ako aj intenzívny marketing, vytvárajú priaznivé podhubie pre hľadanie a používanie rôznych spôsobov ako dosiahnuť a udržať žiadanú telesnú hmotnosť. Práve výživové doplnky, prezentované ako prípravky na podporu chudnutia, si získali veľkú priazeň u spotrebiteľov, a to častokrát len na základe ľahkej dostupnosti a zjednodušenej interpretácie priaznivého pôsobenia látok, ktoré obsahujú. V klinickej praxi a pre odborníkov pretrváva nedostatok robustných randomizovaných, placebom kontrolovaných štúdií, ktoré by poskytli jednoznačné vedecké dôkazy o účinnosti a bezpečnosti týchto prípravkov. Napriek intenzívnemu a aj sľubnému výskumu biologicky aktívnych látok vo výživových doplnkoch, nedostatočné a nejednoznačné dôkazy neumožňujú ich zahrnutie do štandardných odporúčaní pre komplexný manažment (pre)obezity v klinickej praxi. Odborníci aj laická verejnosť by mali jednoznačne vnímať rozdiel medzi EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) potvrdenými farmakologickými aj nefarmakologickými intervenciami pri redukcii telesnej hmotnosti a užívaním výživových doplnkov. Článok predkladá sumárne závery publikovaných prehľadových prác zaoberajúcich sa účinnosťou a bezpečnosťou výživových doplnkov pri redukcii telesnej hmotnosti.
The rise of obesity and the difficulties in its treatment, people’s motivation and desire to reduce and control weight, and intensive marketing, have created a favorable climate for finding and using different ways to achieve and maintain a desirable body weight. In particular, dietary supplements, presented as weight-loss products, have gained a great deal of favor with consumers, often on the basis of their easy availability and simplistic interpretation of the beneficial effects of the substances they contain. In clinical practice and for practitioners, there remains a lack of robust randomized, placebo-controlled trials that provide clear scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of these products. Despite intensive and even promising research on biologically active substances in dietary supplements, insufficient and equivocal evidence does not allow their inclusion in standard recommendations for the comprehensive management of overweight and obesity in clinical practice. Both professionals and the public should clearly perceive the difference between EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) validated pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for weight reduction and the use of dietary supplements. This article presents a summary of the findings of published reviews addressing the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements in weight reduction.
- MeSH
- Safety MeSH
- Weight Loss MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Meta-Analysis as Topic MeSH
- Obesity * therapy MeSH
- Dietary Supplements * MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Recently, concerns regarding the safety of red yeast rice (RYR) have been raised after the publication of some case reports claiming toxicity. Since the previous meta-analyses on the effects of RYR were mainly focused on its efficacy to improve lipid profile and other cardiovascular parameters, we carried out a meta-analysis on safety data derived from the available randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Primary outcomes were musculoskeletal disorders (MuD). Secondary outcomes were non-musculoskeletal adverse events (Non-MuD) and serious adverse events (SAE). Subgroups analyses were carried out considering the intervention (RYR alone or in association with other nutraceutical compounds), monacolin K administered daily dose (≤3, 3.1-5 or >5 mg/day), follow-up (>12 or ≤12 weeks), with statin therapy or statin-intolerance and type of control treatment (placebo or statin treatment). Data were pooled from 53 RCTs comprising 112 treatment arms, which included 8535 subjects, with 4437 in the RYR arm and 4303 in the control one. Monacolin K administration was not associated with increased risk of MuD (odds ratio (OR) = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53,1.65). Moreover, we showed reduced risk of Non-MuD (OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.50, 0.69) and SAE (OR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.46, 0.64) vs. control. Subgroups analyses confirmed the high tolerability profile of RYR. Furthermore, increasing daily doses of monacolin K were negatively associated with increasing risk of Non-MuD (slope: -0.10; 95%CI: -0.17, -0.03; two-tailed p < 0.01). Based on our data, RYR use as lipid-lowering dietary supplement seems to be overall tolerable and safe in a large kind of moderately hypercolesterolaemic subjects.
Článek pojednává o probiotických mikroorganizmech v potravinách včetně doplňků stravy, jimž je v posledních letech věnována vzrůstající pozornost vědeckých kruhů, spotřebitelů a výrobců potravin. Tento zájem vychází z poznatků, že cílené používání mikroorganizmů s vhodnými vlastnostmi může mít příznivé účinky na lidské zdraví. Prospěšné působení probiotik, zejména jejich potenciální schopnost imunomodulace, je prokazováno v řadě studií, přesto však není vždy jednoznačné. Proto vznikají nově definovaná pravidla a podmínky jak pro hodnocení účinnosti mikroorganizmů cíleně přidávaných do potravin, tak pro oprávněnost zdravotních tvrzení tuto účinnost deklarujících. Současně je nezbytné posuzovat bezpečnost těchto mikroorganizmů, a to způsobem, který stanoví jednotný postup a vezme do úvahy všechna potřebná kritéria.
The paper deals with probiotic microorganisms in foods including food supplements which are in increasing focus of scientists, consumers and food producers during last years. This interest arises from knowledge that intentional use of microorganisms with certain characteristics may provide beneficial effects on human health. Effects of probiotics, especially their potential of immunomodulation, have been shown in many studies, though not always confirmed explicitly. Therefore, new rules for evaluation of the effects of probiotics as well as for justification of health claims are being settled. At the same time the assessment of safety of relevant microorganisms vhich would consider all necessary criteria is needed and developed.
Yacon and maca are native Andean crops with growing popularity as food supplements often in combination with other components, e.g. silymarin. There are however no published data on their toxicity and safety in humans. The aim of our randomized placebo-controlled 90-day study was to evaluate the effects of yacon and maca in combination with silymarin on plasma and lipoprotein lipids, serum glucose and safety parameters in patients suffering from the metabolic syndrome. No adverse effects were found in volunteers using silymarin (0.8 g/day), silymarin+yacon (0.8+2.4 g/day) and silymarin+maca (0.6+0.2 g/day). A moderate AST level and diastolic blood pressure increase was found in volunteers using maca (0.6 g/day). In conclusion, the combination silymarin+yacon appears to be promising as a nutraceutical in the prevention of diseases with a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile and liver steatosis. The effect of maca on AST level and blood pressure must be considered when using high doses of maca powder. This effect could be reversed by supplementation with silymarin.
- MeSH
- Asteraceae MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Lepidium MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Dietary Supplements adverse effects MeSH
- Silymarin administration & dosage MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
Data on the efficacy and safety of long-term vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. We assessed the effects of the 12-month vitamin D(3) treatment on mineral metabolism and calciotropic hormones in patients with CKD stages 2-4. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients (mean age 66 years, men/women 33/54) were randomized to cholecalciferol treatment with either 5,000 or 20,000 IU/week. Serum calcium, phosphate, 25(OH)D(3), 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), PTH and urinary mineral concentrations were obtained at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months. RESULTS: The median serum mineral concentrations were normal and not changed throughout the study. The number of hypercalciuric patients slightly increased with higher dose, but no sustained rise in calciuria was present. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was revealed in 72 (83%) patients at baseline and 37 (43%) at month 12. The 25(OH)D(3) levels increased more with higher dose; a rise in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was less impressive. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were reduced, but the number of subjects with PTH below the lower limit for CKD stage 3 increased equally with both doses. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in CKD significantly improved after the 12-month cholecalciferol treatment, with higher dose being more effective and equally safe. Further studies of vitamin D(3) effects on bone metabolism are warranted. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.
- MeSH
- Cholecalciferol administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Chronic Disease MeSH
- Hormones MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Minerals blood metabolism urine MeSH
- Vitamin D Deficiency drug therapy MeSH
- Kidney Diseases drug therapy MeSH
- Dietary Supplements MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
PurposePhosphoglucomutase-1 deficiency is a subtype of congenital disorders of glycosylation (PGM1-CDG). Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement. So far no systematic in vitro and clinical studies have assessed safety and benefits of D-gal supplementation. In a prospective pilot study, we evaluated the effects of oral D-gal in nine patients.MethodsD-gal supplementation was increased to 1.5 g/kg/day (maximum 50 g/day) in three increments over 18 weeks. Laboratory studies were performed before and during treatment to monitor safety and effect on serum transferrin-glycosylation, coagulation, and liver and endocrine function. Additionally, the effect of D-gal on cellular glycosylation was characterized in vitro.ResultsEight patients were compliant with D-gal supplementation. No adverse effects were reported. Abnormal baseline results (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, activated partial thromboplastin time) improved or normalized already using 1 g/kg/day D-gal. Antithrombin-III levels and transferrin-glycosylation showed significant improvement, and increase in galactosylation and whole glycan content. In vitro studies before treatment showed N-glycan hyposialylation, altered O-linked glycans, abnormal lipid-linked oligosaccharide profile, and abnormal nucleotide sugars in patient fibroblasts. Most cellular abnormalities improved or normalized following D-gal treatment. D-gal increased both UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal levels and improved lipid-linked oligosaccharide fractions in concert with improved glycosylation in PGM1-CDG.ConclusionOral D-gal supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for PGM1-CDG in this pilot study. Transferrin glycosylation and ATIII levels were useful trial end points. Larger, longer-duration trials are ongoing.
- MeSH
- Administration, Oral MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Phosphoglucomutase metabolism MeSH
- Galactose administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Glycogen Storage Disease drug therapy MeSH
- Glycoproteins metabolism MeSH
- Blood Coagulation MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Creatine Kinase blood MeSH
- Blood Glucose metabolism MeSH
- Skin cytology metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Pilot Projects MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Transferrin metabolism MeSH
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Clinical Trial MeSH
sv.
- MeSH
- Radiation Protection MeSH
- Publication type
- Periodical MeSH
- Conspectus
- Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
- NML Fields
- radiační ochrana
Cíl studie: Ověřit účinnost a bezpečnost perorálně podávaného vitaminu B12 u pacientů po ileokolické resekci pro Crohnovu nemoc (CN). Metodika: Srovnali jsme celkové sérové hladiny vitaminu B12 a jeho aktivní formy u 23 pacientů s CN po resekci ilea s nízkou počáteční koncentrací kobalaminu po měsíční substituci s 19 pacienty rovněž s CN po resekci ilea s nízkou počáteční koncentrací kobalaminu, kteří užívali perorální substituci vitaminu B12 po dobu dvou měsíců. Výsledky: V obou sledovaných kohortách došlo po 14 dnech terapie k signifikantnímu vzestupu sérových hladin celkové a aktivní formy vitaminu B12. Po celou dobu trvání perorální suplementace cyanokobalaminem byly tyto hladiny dále stabilní. V kohortě A (terapie po dobu 30 dnů) došlo po dvou měsících od počátku studie ke znatelnému poklesu hladin obou analytů, zatímco v kohortě B (s terapií trvající 60 dnů) k signifikantní fluktuaci hladin ani jednoho z měřených analytů nedošlo. V kohortě nemocných s dvouměsíčním trváním suplementace perorálním cyanokobalaminem bylo ke dni D-61 dosaženo signifikantně vyšších hladin celkového vitaminu B12 (p = 0,0044), nikoli však jeho aktivní formy. Spearmanův korelační koeficient hladin celkového a aktivního vitaminu B12 byl relativně velmi vysoký (r = 0,8081 [p = 0,0001]) a svědčil pro dobrou korelaci dynamiky vzestupu obou sledovaných forem vitaminu B12. Závěr: Kontinuální perorální podávání vitaminu B12 v dávce 1 000 μg denně je efektivní léčebnou strategií, protože vedla rychle k normalizaci a udržení normální koncentrace vitaminu B12 u pacientů po ileocekální resekci pro CN.
Aim of the study: To verify the efficacy and safety of orally administered vitamin B12 in patients after ileocolic resectionresection for Crohn's disease. Methods: We compared the total serum levels of vitamin B12 and its active form in 23 patients with Crohn's disease after ileal resection with low initial cobalamin concentrations after monthly replacement with 19 patients, also with Crohn's disease after ileal resection with low initial cobalamin concentrations, taking oral vitamin B12 replacement for two months. Results: After 14 days of therapy, both cohorts showed a significant increase in serum levels of total and active forms of vitamin B12. These levels remained stable throughout the duration of oral cyanocobalamin supplementation. In cohort A (therapy for 30 days), there was again a significant decrease in the levels of both analytes at day D61, whereas in cohort B (with therapy lasting 60 days) there was no significant fluctuation in the levels of either of the measured analytes. In the cohort of patients with two months of oral cyanocobalamin supplementation, significantly higher levels of total vitamin B12, but not its active form, were achieved at D61. The Spearman correlation coefficient is r = 0.8081 (p = 0.0001), indicating a good correlation between the dynamics of the rise in total and active vitamin B12. Conclusion: Continuous oral administration of vitamin B12 at a dose of 1,000 μg/day is an effective strategy which quickly normalized and maintained vitamin B12 concentration in patients after ileo-caecal resection for Crohn's disease.
- Keywords
- ileocekální resekce,
- MeSH
- Administration, Oral MeSH
- Crohn Disease * drug therapy complications MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Ileum surgery MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Vitamin B 12 Deficiency etiology MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Vitamin B 12 * administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
Testosterón je dobre známy ako dôležitý mužský pohlavný hormón. Má dôležité funkcie v celom tele. Vekom jeho hladina klesá asi o 1,2 % ročne, niekedy však klesne významnejšie a vtedy sa prejavia ťažkosti z jeho nedostatku. Obezita pôsobí proti testosterónu a v populácii pribúda počet obéznych mužov s jeho nedostatočnou hladinou. Mnohí lekári sa však obávajú testosterón suplementovať pre možné riziko rakoviny prostaty vo vyššom veku. Názory na jeho účinkovanie v mužskom tele sa za posledných 40 rokov významne zmenili. V práci rozoberáme súčasné názory na vplyv testosterónu na mužské zdravie a význam jeho suplementácie.
Testosterone is well known as an important male sex hormone. It has important functions in the body. During ageing drops testosterone approximately 1.2 % yearly, sometimes it drops significantly and becomes testosterone deficiency. Obesity acts against testosterone and more men with abdominal obesity has insufficient level of testosterone. Many doctors have problems with testosterone supplementation because they afraid of the potential risks of prostate cancer. Opinions on his actions in the male body in last 40 years were changed. In the article are current opinions on the influence of testosterone on male health and results of supplementation.
