theory of mind
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BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia frequently encounter challenges related to sexuality and intimacy; however, the underlying causes of these difficulties remain unknown and unexplored. AIM: This narrative review aims to explore how the biological/hormonal and psychological/behavioral developmental trajectories in schizophrenia patients deviate from the normal course and to examine their connection to difficulties in sexual and romantic functioning. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with key terms related to schizophrenia and sexual development without restriction on publication year. Articles discussing behavioral, sexual, or psychological/behavioral development before the onset of schizophrenia were included. Articles were divided into biological/hormonal and psychological/behavioral precursor categories. Additional searches were conducted to explore the broader sociocognitive context of schizophrenia, such as deficits in empathy, emotional processing, and theory of mind. OUTCOMES: The review highlights deviations in both biological/hormonal and psychological/behavioral development in schizophrenia that contribute to difficulties in romantic and sexual relationships. RESULTS: This narrative review addresses the extent to which biological, psychological, and social factors in schizophrenia may be closely intertwined. Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes have been documented in individuals with schizophrenia, potentially impairing sociosexual competencies and leading to behavioral challenges in forming sexual relationships. Deficits in theory of mind, emotional processing, and empathy may further hinder the ability to form and sustain intimate relationships, amplifying the social difficulties associated with schizophrenia. Additionally, early life traumas, especially sexual abuse, can contribute to sexual difficulties and worsen the disorder. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: Understanding the deviations from the normal developmental course in schizophrenia patients may offer valuable insights for potential intervention strategies and remediation approaches and contribute to improvements in sexual/romantic functioning and overall sexual health in schizophrenia patients. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This review provides an overview of the developmental precursors of schizophrenia-related sexual/romantic difficulties. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these difficulties, particularly in determining the emotional and motivational salience of sexual stimuli and the capacity to engage in and maintain communication of sexual interest. The reader should bear in mind that narrative reviews lack systematic methods for selecting and evaluating studies, which can lead to author bias in choosing or interpreting sources. CONCLUSION: The narrative review identified deviations in the biological/hormonal and psychological/behavioral developmental trajectories of schizophrenia patients, linking these abnormalities to difficulties in sexual and romantic functioning, and highlighting the need for sexological remediation strategies to improve sociosexual competencies and overall sexual health.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Theory of Mind and narrative abilities are closely related in a bidirectional way. On the one hand, Theory of Mind is reflected in the quality of discourse production and comprehension, and on the other hand narrative input influences the development of Theory of Mind in children. The present contribution is theoretical in nature, defining the Theory of Mind, its development, and describing in more detail its relationship to narrative abilities in children. It also provides information on the possibilities of assessing Theory of Mind within a narrative context in the child population.
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterized by profound and early deficits in social cognition (SC) and executive functions (EF). To date it remains unclear whether deficits of the respective cognitive domains are based on the degeneration of distinct brain regions. In 103 patients with a diagnosis of bvFTD (possible/probable/definite: N = 40/58/5) from the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) consortium Germany cohort (age 62.5±9.4 years, gender 38 female/65 male) we applied multimodal structural imaging, i.e. voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness (CTH) and networks of structural covariance via source based morphometry. We cross-sectionally investigated associations with performance in a modified Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; reflective of theory of mind - ToM) and five different tests reflective of EF (i.e. Hamasch-Five-Point Test, semantic and phonemic Fluency, Trail Making Test, Stroop interference). Finally, we investigated the conjunction of RMET correlates with functional networks commonly associated with SC respectively ToM and EF as extracted meta-analytically within the Neurosynth database. RMET performance was mainly associated with gray matter volume (GMV) and CTH within temporal and insular cortical regions and less within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), whereas EF performance was mainly associated with prefrontal regions (GMV and CTH). Overlap of RMET and EF associations was primarily located within the insula, adjacent subcortical structures (i.e. putamen) and the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC). These patterns were more pronounced after adjustment for the respective other cognitive domain. Corroborative results were obtained in analyses of structural covariance networks. Overlap of RMET with meta-analytically extracted functional networks commonly associated with SC, ToM and EF was again primarily located within the temporal and insular region and the dlPFC. In addition, on a meta-analytical level, strong associations were found for temporal cortical RMET correlates with SC and ToM in particular. These data indicate a temporo-frontal dissociation of bvFTD related disturbances of ToM and EF, with atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe being critically involved in ToM deficits. The consistent overlap within the insular cortex may be attributable to the multimodal and integrative role of this region in socioemotional and cognitive processing.
- MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * fyziologie MeSH
- frontotemporální demence * patologie diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy * MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální kognice MeSH
- teorie mysli * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cancer research is linked to modern life-sciences, encompassing achievements in virology, yeast-biology, molecular-biology, genetics, systems-biology, bioinformatics, and so on. With these fascinating developments, it's easy to overlook that the fundamental theories and treatment strategies were established in the early 20th century and have remained valid ever since. Therefore, tribute must be paid to the founders of the field. The main hypotheses on carcinogenesis, the genetic model and the metabolic model, and the concept of cancer-treatment with cytotoxic, targeted or metabolic drugs were proposed more than 100 years ago by great minds such as T. Boveri, O. Warburg, and P. Ehrlich. Hence nothing about these cancer concepts is really new. Through development of powerful new technologies, we have been able to decipher the mechanisms of malignant transformation, thus significantly advancing the field. Our own studies have been focused on the cross-talk between cell-growth-signaling and lipid-metabolism in ovarian cancer to find crossover-points for co-targeting in order to achieve synergistic treatment effects. Notably, a side-effect of the application of current methods of molecular-cell-biology is a deeper knowledge of the laws of normal cell-biology and cell-life. Thus we anticipate the field will advance rapidly in the near future.
INTRODUCTION: The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) causes serious interpersonal problems from childhood to adulthood, one of them being problematic social functioning. This phenomenon in ADHD should be associated with impairments in the Theory of Mind (ToM). Therefore, understanding the neural correlates of the ToM could be crucial for helping individuals with ADHD with their social functioning. Thus, we aimed to review published literature concerning neuroanatomical and functional correlates of ToM deficits in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: We reviewed studies published between 1970 and 2023. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, after data from three databases were collected, two authors (LN and PM) independently screened all relevant records (n=638) and consequently, both authors did the data extraction. The quality of the included studies (n=5) was measured by a modified version of The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and by measures specific for our study. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020139847). RESULTS: Results indicated that impairments in performing of the ToM tasks were negatively associated with the grey matter volume in the bilateral amygdala and hippocampus in both, ADHD and control group. In EEG studies, a significantly greater electrophysiological activity during ToM tasks was observed in the, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in participants with ADHD as compared to healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: More research is needed to explore the ToM deficits in children with ADHD. Future research might focus on the neural circuits associated with attention and inhibition, which deficits seems to contribute to the ToM deficits in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Cílem práce je popsat roli paradigmatu neurodiverzity ve vnímání autismu a zhodnotit jeho implikace pro klinickou praxi. Diagnostická kritéria a konceptualizace autismu prošla během posled- ního století řadou změn. Původně byl autismus součástí konceptu schizofrenie, následovalo Kannerovo pojetí, které bylo později rozšířeno o Aspergerův syndrom. Výrazné generalizační změny v klasifikaci autismu jsou patrné v 5. vydání DSM i 11. revizi MKN. Tradiční medicínské modely autismu, jako je triáda postižení a teorie mysli, v důsledku štěpicí povahy medicínského jazyka nedostačují k popisu celku autistické zkušenosti. Štěpení může ovlivňovat způsoby intervence, stejně jako rodičovský i odborný přístup ke klientovi a jeho vlastní identitu. Přínos diagnostiky pro klinickou praxi je tak limitovaný, diagnostické nástroje autismu převážně nejsou koncipovány pro správnou diferenciaci souběžně se vyskytujících diagnóz, zejména traumatu. Práce s diagnózou nese riziko, že části klientovy zkušenosti budeme přisuzovat diagnóze, namísto abychom je viděli jako smysluplné v kontextu individuálního vývoje. Přínosem paradigmatu neurodiverzity je to, že nabízí jazyk, skrze který se můžeme vztahovat k celku klientovy zkušenosti.
The aim of this review is to describe the role of the neurodiversity paradigm in the perception of Autism and other neurodevelopmental phenomena and to evaluate its implications for clinical practice. The diagnostic criteria and conceptualisation of Autism have undergone a number of changes over the past hundred years. Initially, Autism was part of the concept of schizophrenia, followed by Kanner's concept, which was later expanded to include Asperger's syndrome; significant generalising changes in the classification of Autism are evident in the 5th edition of the DSM and the 11th edition of the ICD. Traditional medical models of Autism, such as the Triad of Impairments and the Theory of Mind are insufficient in describing a client's autistic experience, due to the splitting nature of medical language. Splitting may influence intervention modalities, as well as how parents and professionals approach the client, and the client's own identity. The contribution of diagnosis to clinical practice is therefore limited; diagnostic tools for Autism are largely not designed to correctly differentiate co-occurring conditions, particularly trauma. Working off the diagnosis involves the risk of confusing events meaningful in the context of the client's individual development for attributes tied to the diagnosis. The language of the neurodiversity paradigm provides a way to relate to the totality of the client's experience.
- Klíčová slova
- neurodiverzita,
- MeSH
- autistická porucha * MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
There are many theories, models, and frameworks that have been proposed in the field of implementation science. Despite this, many evidence implementation or practice improvement projects do not consider these theories, models, or frameworks in their improvement efforts. The JBI approach is one example of an implementation theory, model, or framework. This approach has been developed particularly with health care professionals in mind and is designed to clearly guide pragmatic evidence implementation efforts based on the best available evidence. In this paper, we discuss how the JBI approach to evidence implementation can interact with and support theory-informed, pragmatic evidence implementation projects.
- MeSH
- implementační věda * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zdravotnický personál * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Článek se věnuje možnostem využití některých prvků Terapie přijetí a odhodlání (Acceptance and Commitment therapy, ACT) při provádění klasické KBT u klientů s úzkostnými a úzkostně depresivními poruchami. Zmiňován je koncept mysli jako nástroje pro řešení problémů, vybrané techniky odstupu od negativních myšlenek a zaměření na životní hodnoty a odhodlané jednání klientů. Vedle kompatibilních prvků je poukazováno i na rozdílnosti mezi ACT a KBT. Uváděny jsou ilustrativní zkušenosti z terapeutické praxe, včetně kazuistiky, která popisuje průběh KBT obohacené o prvky ACT u klientky s vtíravými myšlenkami.
Traditional CBT is commonly used with clients suffering from anxiety and mixed anxiety with depression disorders but it can be enriched by icluding some strategies from ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy). This article will introduce ACT view of human mind as a problem solving machine, selected strategies for defusion from negative thoughts, and focus on values and committed action. Besides compatible components of these two approaches their differences will also be highlited. A case study of a client with intrusive thoughts will be described with whom CBT enriched with ACT strategies was used in her therapy sessions and other practical examples from therapy sessions will also be mentioned.
This mini-review aims to identify major research trends, models, and theories and provide specific pedagogical implications for teaching when using chatbots in EFL classes. This study follows the guidelines of the PRISMA methodology and searches for open-access empirical studies in two reputable databases, Web of Science and Scopus. The results of this mini-review confirm the findings of other research studies, which show that the present research on the use of chatbots in university EFL settings focuses on their effectiveness, motivation, satisfaction, exposure, and assessment. The key contribution of this study lies in its evaluation of the chatbot's potential in applying and integrating the existing theories and concepts used in EFL teaching and learning, such as CEFR, mind mapping, or self-regulatory learning theory. This will address the gap in the literature because no previous review study has conducted such an analysis. Overall, the findings of this mini-review contribute with their specific pedagogical implications and methods to the effective use of chatbots in the EFL environment, be it formal or informal.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
