Azole fungicides have been essential pillars of global food security since the commercialization of triadimefon. However, the potential for fungicides to induce sublethal effects on larval development and emergence from overwintering is underresearched. We hypothesized that contact exposure to field-realistic concentrations of a broad spectrum of triazole fungicides alters the pupation and metamorphosis of crabronid wasps. Therefore, triazole fungicides shape the hymenopteran communities in agrocenoses. We applied field-realistic concentrations of three triazole fungicides, difenoconazole, penconazole, and tebuconazole, to the defecated prepupae of Pemphredon fabricii (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). We monitored their survival, pupation, and metamorphosis into adults, including the timing of these events. All three tested triazole fungicides altered the time to the metamorphosis into adults of P. fabricii prepupae compared to the vehicle-treated controls. This effect was concentration-independent within the recommended concentration ranges for foliar applications. However, the three triazole fungicides were not associated with any significant declines in overall survival. Thus, the commonly used triazole fungicides affect the synchronization of the metamorphosis into adults with the availability of food and nesting resources of the study species. The study compounds did not affect the survival, which agrees with previous studies of other azole fungicides, which revealed effects on survival only when used in combination with other compounds. Further research should address the multiplicative effects of the triazole fungicides with other agrochemicals on the timing of the metamorphosis of bees and wasps.
- MeSH
- Azoles pharmacology MeSH
- Metamorphosis, Biological MeSH
- Hymenoptera * MeSH
- Fungicides, Industrial * chemistry MeSH
- Wasps * MeSH
- Triazoles chemistry toxicity MeSH
- Bees MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Pressure assisted capillary electrophoresis was applied to determination of acid dissociation constants (pKa) of six widely used triazole fungicides (cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, penconazole and propiconazole) in aqueous medium. The pKa values were determined from the dependence of effective electrophoretic mobility of the triazole fungicides on p[H(+)] of the background electrolyte (BGE) using non-linear regression analysis. The p[H(+)] was used instead of pH to reflect the increased ionic strength of the strongly acidic BGEs (pH<1.75) as compared to the BGEs at pH equal to or greater than 1.75. Prior to the pKa calculation, the measured effective electrophoretic mobilities were corrected to the reference temperature (25°C) and constant ionic strength (25mM). The regression function was modified to allow the determination of pKa in the BGEs of varying ionic strength. The electrophoretic measurements showed that the above triazole fungicides are very weak bases - their pKa values were found to be in the range 1.05-1.97 and were in a good agreement with the values calculated by SPARC online pKa calculator.
- MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary methods MeSH
- Electrolytes MeSH
- Epoxy Compounds analysis MeSH
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration MeSH
- Osmolar Concentration MeSH
- Fungicides, Industrial analysis MeSH
- Silanes analysis MeSH
- Pressure MeSH
- Triazoles analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Článek představuje výsledky studia antimikrobiálních a antimykotických vlastností derivátů 1,2,4-triazolu syntetizovanými na Katedře fyzikální a koloidní chemie Záporožské státní lékařské univerzity. Předchozí studie stanovily antimikrobiální a antimykotickou aktivitu derivátů 1,2,4-triazolu. Proto bylo účelné zkoumat mezi syntetizovanými sloučeninami vysoce účinné látky s antimikrobiálními a antimykotickými vlastnostmi. V první fázi našeho výzkumu byla provedena predikce akutní toxicity. Antimikrobiální a antimykotické vlastnosti byly provedeny metodou sériového ředění na kapalné živné půdě. Na tyto typy aktivit bylo zkoumáno 47 sloučenin různých tříd. Podle našeho výzkumu vykazovaly deriváty 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolu lepší účinnost než 3-thio-1,2,4-triazoly na Staphylococcus aureus a Candida albicans. Největší antimikrobiální a antimykotickou aktivitu vykazoval 5-(1Н-tetrazol-1-іl)methyl-4Н-1,2,4-triazol- 3-yl-1-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methanimin (11.6). Hlubší výzkum sloučeniny 11.6 byl proveden difuzí v agaru (jamková metoda). Studie ukázaly, že molekula 11.6 vykazovala antimikrobiální a antimykotický účinek na studované testovací kmeny v koncentraci 2 μg/ml. Proto může být tato sloučenina po zjištění její farmakologické bezpečnosti a toxicity vyvinuta jako užitečná léčivá látka.
This article presents the results of the study of the antimicrobial and antifungal properties among 1,2,4-triazole derivatives synthesized at the Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry of the Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Previous studies have established the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Therefore, it was reasonable to investigate highly effective substances with antimicrobial and antifungal properties among synthesized compounds. In the first stage of our research, acute toxicity prediction was performed. The antimicrobial and antifungal properties were carried out by the method of “serial dilutions” on a liquid nutrient. Forty-seven compounds of the different classes were studied for these types of activities. According to our research, derivatives of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole showed better performance than 3-thio-1,2.4-triazoles for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. 5-(1Н-tetrazole-1-іl)methyl-4Н- -1,2,4-triazole-3-yl-1-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methanimin (11.6) was showed the greatest antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Deeper research for compound 11.6 was done by diffusion in agar (method of “wells”). Studies have shown that molecule 11.6 showed antimicrobial and antifungal action to the studied test strains at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. Hence, this compound can be developed as a helpful therapeutic agent after establishing its safety pharmacology and toxicity.
- MeSH
- Agar MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Antifungal Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Nitrofurans chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Tetrazoles chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Triazoles * chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Článok prezentuje výsledky štúdie hypoglykemických vlastností medzi 1,2,4-triazolovými derivátmi syntetizovanými na Katedre fyzikálnej a koloidnej chémie Štátnej lekárskej univerzity v Zaporizhzhia. V súčasnosti má veľké množstvo ľudí sedavý spôsob života, aj väčšina ich stravy obsahuje často používané produkty, ktoré zvyšujú hladinu glukózy v krvi, čo môže vyvolať rozvoj závažných ochorení. Preto do dnešného dňa zostáva vytvorenie liekov, ktoré vykazujú hypoglykemickú aktivitu a majú nízku úroveň toxicity, naliehavou úlohou pre lekárne. V prvej fáze nášho výskumu bola vykonaná predpoveď akútnej toxicity. Hypoglykemická aktivita syntetizovaných zlúčenín bola hodnotená vykonaním intraperitoneálneho glukózového tolerančného testu (IPGTT) so zmenou koncentrácie glukózy v krvi zvieraťa po jeho jednorazovom intraperitoneálnom podaní vo forme 40 % roztoku v dávke 2 g/kg telesnej hmotnosti potkana. Zlúčeniny (38) rôznych tried boli študované na hypoglykemickú aktivitu. 2-{5-[(3,4-dimetoxyfenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]sulfanyl}acetát zinočnatý (3.18) vykazoval najvyššiu účinnosť z hľadiska schopnosti znižovať krv hladiny glukózy, a to o 27,3 % (približne 1,3-krát).
This article presents the study results of the hypoglycemic properties among 1,2,4-triazole derivatives synthesized at the Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry of the Zaporizhzhia State Medical University. Today, many people have a sedentary way of life, also most of their diet contains products that they frequently use, which increase the level of glucose in the blood, which can provoke the development of serious diseases. Therefore, to date, the creation of drugs that exhibit hypoglycemic activity and have a low level of toxicity remains an urgent task for medicine and pharmacy. In the first stage of our research, acute toxicity prediction was performed. The hypoglycemic activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed by performing an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) with a change in the blood glucose concentration of the animal after its single intraperitoneal administration in the form of a 40% solution at a dose of 2 g/kg of rat body weight. Thirty-eight compounds of the different classes were studied for hypoglycemic activity. Zinc (II) 2-{5-[(3,4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl]thio} acetate (3.18) showed the highest efficiency in terms of the ability to lower blood glucose levels, namely, by 27.3% (approximately 1.3 times).
