Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are increasingly recognized as an MRI detectable feature of neuroinflammatory processes and age-related neurodegenerative changes. Understanding perivascular characteristics in healthy individuals is crucial for their applicability as a reference for pathological changes. Limited data exists on the EPVS load and interhemispheric asymmetry in distribution among young healthy subjects. Despite the known impact of hydration on brain morphometric studies, blood plasma osmolality's effect on EPVS remains unexplored. This study investigated the influence of age, total intracranial volume (TIV), and blood plasma osmolality on EPVS characteristics in 59 healthy adults, each undergoing MRI and osmolality assessment twice within 14.8 months (mean ± 4 months). EPVS analysis was conducted in the centrum semiovale using high-resolution automated segmentation, followed by an optimization algorithm to enhance EPVS segmentation accuracy. Linear Mixed Effects model was used for the statistical analysis, which unveiled significant inter-individual variability in EPVS load and inter-hemispheric asymmetry. EPVS volume increased with age, higher TIV and lower blood plasma osmolality levels. Our findings offer valuable insights into EPVS characteristics among the healthy population, establishing a foundation to further explore age-related and pathological changes.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- glymfatický systém * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * metody MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- osmolární koncentrace MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cíl: Cílem byla analýza individuálních změn koncentrace glukózy před zahájením ketogenní diety (KD) a během prvních 5 dnů jejího užívání u jednotlivých nediabetických dětí s farmakorezistentní epilepsií. Soubor a metodika: 10 dětských pacientů s farmakorezistentní epilepsií se zahájením KD podle non-fasting protokolu KD s ketogenním poměrem (KP), který se postupně den po dni zvyšoval z 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 ke 3,5 : 1. Kontinuální monitorace glykemie (continuous glucose monitoring; CGM) probíhala 36 h před zahájením a poté v průběhu 5 dnů během zvyšujících se KP. Výsledky: Odhady střední hodnoty glykemie pro jednotlivé dietní poměry se pohybovaly od 6,03 (interval spolehlivosti [confidence interval; CI] 95 %: 5,92–6,14) mmol/l při obvyklé stravě po 2,56 (CI 95%: 2,46–2,66) mmol/l při KD v KP 3,5 : 1 v rámci všech měřených hodnot a od 4,91 (CI 95%: 4,75–5,06) mmol/l při běžné stravě po 1,85 (CI 95%: 1,53–2,17) mmol/l při KD v KP 3,5 : 1 v rámci hodnot měřených nalačno v období mezi 5:00 a 6:00 ráno. CGM zachytila hypoglykemii v průběhu zahájení KD u devíti pacientů. Závěr: Analýza dat jednotlivých pacientů ukázala trend postupně se snižující glykemie s narůstající hodnotou KP. Tento trend se zdá být silnější pro všechna získaná data v porovnání s glykemiemi nalačno (období 05:00–06:00). U většiny pacientů byly během iniciace diety zachyceny epizody asymptomatické hypoglykemie.
Aim: The aim was to analyze individual changes in glucose concentration before starting the ketogenic diet (KD) and during the first 5 days of its use in individual non-diabetic children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Subjects and methodology: Ten pediatric patients with pharmaco-resistant epilepsy started on KD according to a non-fasting KD protocol with a ketogenic ratio (KR) that gradually increased day by day from 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 to 3.5 : 1. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed 36 h before initiation and then over 5 days during increasing KR. Results: Mean glycemic control estimates for each dietary ratio ranged from 6.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.92–6.14) mmol/l on a normal diet to 2.56 (CI 95%: 2.46–2.66) mmol/l on 3.5 : 1 KR within all measured values and from 4.91 (CI 95%: 4.75–5.06) mmol/l on a normal diet to 1.85 (CI 95%: 1.53–2.17) mmol/l on 3.5 : 1 KR within fasting values measured between 5:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. CGM showed hypoglycemic events during KD initiation in 9 patients. Conclusion: Analysis of individual patient data showed a trend of gradually decreasing glycemia with increasing KR. This trend seems to be stronger for all data obtained compared to those during fasting (period 5.00–6.00 am). In most patients, episodes of asymptomatic hypoglycemia were captured during diet initiation.
Globin adducts of various chemicals, persisting in organism over the whole lifetime of erythrocytes, have been used as biomarkers of cumulative exposures to parent compounds. After removal of aged erythrocytes from the bloodstream, cleavage products of these adducts are excreted with urine as alternative, non-invasively accessible biomarkers. In our biomonitoring studies on workers exposed to ethylene oxide, its adduct with globin, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine, and the related urinary cleavage product N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-valyl-L-leucine have been determined. To describe a toxicokinetic relationship between the above types of biomarkers, a general compartmental model for simulation of formation and removal of globin adducts has been constructed in the form of code in R statistical computing environment. The essential input variables include lifetime of erythrocytes, extent of adduct formation following a single defined exposure, and parameters of exposure scenario, while other possible variables are optional. It was shown that both biomarkers reflect the past exposures differently as the adduct level in globin is a mean value of adduct levels across all compartments (subpopulations of erythrocytes of the same age) while excretion of cleavage products reflects the adduct level in the oldest compartment. Application of the model to various scenarios of continuous exposure demonstrated its usefulness for human biomonitoring data interpretation.
- MeSH
- biologické markery * moč krev MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- biologický monitoring * MeSH
- erytrocyty * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- ethylenoxid toxicita farmakokinetika moč MeSH
- globiny metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- pracovní expozice * MeSH
- toxikokinetika MeSH
- valin analogy a deriváty farmakokinetika moč krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study examines whether exposure to ambient temperature in nineteenth-century urban space affected the ratio of boys to girls at birth. Furthermore, we investigate the details of temperature effects timing upon sex ratio at birth. The research included 66,009 individual births, aggregated in subsequent months of births for the years 1847-1900, i.e. 33,922 boys and 32,087 girls. The statistical modelling of the probability of a girl being born is based on logistic GAM with penalized splines and automatically selected complexity. Our research emphasizes the significant effect of temperature in the year of conception: the higher the temperature was, the smaller probability of a girl being born was observed. There were also several significant temperature lags before conception and during pregnancy. Our findings indicate that in the past, ambient temperature, similar to psychological stress, hunger, malnutrition, and social and economic factors, influenced the viability of a foetus. Research on the effects of climate on the sex ratio in historical populations may allow for a better understanding of the relationship between environmental factors and reproduction, especially concerning historical populations since due to some cultural limitations, they were more prone to stronger environmental stressors than currently.
- MeSH
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- poměr pohlaví * MeSH
- porod MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 19. století MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- velkoměsta MeSH
1. vydání vii, 252 stran : ilustrace ; 24 cm
Příručka a vysokoškolská učebnice, která se zaměřuje na metody analýzy biologických dat, zejména na analýzu času do události. Určeno studujícím i odborníkům v praxi.
- MeSH
- analýza dat MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- biologie MeSH
- čas MeSH
- Publikační typ
- příručky MeSH
- Konspekt
- Biologické vědy
- Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
- NLK Obory
- biologie
- statistika, zdravotnická statistika
- přírodní vědy
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
BACKGROUND: Being exposed to crises during pregnancy can affect maternal health through stress exposure, which can in return impact neonatal health. We investigated temporal trends in neonatal outcomes in Switzerland between 2007 and 2022 and their variations depending on exposure to the economic crisis of 2008, the flu pandemic of 2009, heatwaves (2015 and 2018) and the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Using individual cross-sectional data encompassing all births occurring in Switzerland at the monthly level (2007-2022), we analysed changes in birth weight and in the rates of preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth through time with generalized additive models. We assessed whether the intensity or length of crisis exposure was associated with variations in these outcomes. Furthermore, we explored effects of exposure depending on trimesters of pregnancy. RESULTS: Over 1.2 million singleton births were included in our analyses. While birth weight and the rate of stillbirth have remained stable since 2007, the rate of PTB has declined by one percentage point. Exposure to the crises led to different results, but effect sizes were overall small. Exposure to COVID-19, irrespective of the pregnancy trimester, was associated with a higher birth weight (+12 grams [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5 to 17.9 grams]). Being exposed to COVID-19 during the last trimester was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (odds ratio 1.24 [95%CI 1.02 to 1.50]). Exposure to the 2008 economic crisis during pregnancy was not associated with any changes in neonatal health outcomes, while heatwave effect was difficult to interpret. CONCLUSION: Overall, maternal and neonatal health demonstrated resilience to the economic crisis and to the COVID-19 pandemic in a high-income country like Switzerland. However, the effect of exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic is dual, and the negative impact of maternal infection on pregnancy is well-documented. Stress exposure and economic constraint may also have had adverse effects among the most vulnerable subgroups of Switzerland. To investigate better the impact of heatwave exposure on neonatal health, weekly or daily-level data is needed, instead of monthly-level data.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- narození mrtvého plodu epidemiologie MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pandemie MeSH
- porodní hmotnost MeSH
- předčasný porod * epidemiologie MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- výsledek těhotenství epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Švýcarsko MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To address the relationship between socioeconomic factors and age of menarche among Polish women born and reared in periods that varied considerably in environmental stresses: the Great Depression of the 1930s, the interval of World War II, and the interval of communist rule following World War II through the 1950s. METHODS: The data set included information on age at menarche and socioeconomic status (SES) of 718 women born during the Great Depression (n = 182), WWII (n = 189), and post-WWII through the 1950s (n = 347). A structured semi-parametric statistical model (generalized additive model [GAM] class) was used for analysis. An ANOVA-like linear model was used to test for marginal effects of SES-related factors and their interactions together with nonparametric seasonal effect. RESULTS: The influence of period of birth, month of birth, region of early childhood, and father's education, and the interaction between period of birth and father's education on age at menarche were statistically significant. During the economic crisis and the interval of WWII, differences in ages at menarche between the extreme categories of father's education were marked. The differences in ages at menarche between women from the lowest and highest social groups were markedly reduced among women born during the post-war interval. In addition, women born in February-March attained menarche earlier than women born in September-October. CONCLUSIONS: Unpredictable conditions associated with the economic crisis and war conditions had a stronger impact on age at menarche among women from families of lower SES compared to women from better economic circumstances. Individuals born and reared in low SES conditions likely suffered more severe deterioration across the spectrum of the standard of living and quality of life compared to those with a higher SES.
- MeSH
- kvalita života * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- menarche * MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- společenská třída MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Polsko MeSH
Onemocnění covid-19 přineslo změny ve fungování společnosti a mnoho omezení, kromě samotného omezení pohybu obyvatelstva také zavření škol a sportovišť. Prodloužení doby sledování obrazovek mobilů a počítačů v rámci online výuky přispělo společně s omezením sportovního vyžití k sedavému chování. Rovněž stravování doznalo negativních změn. Restrikce vytvořily obezitogenní prostředí, které zhoršilo již tak tristní situaci ve výskytu nadváhy a obezity v dětské populaci. Cílem naší studie bylo zhodnotit následky této situace v populaci českých dětí na základě údajů prevalence nadváhy a obezity. Ve spolupráci s pediatry z celé České republiky jsme získali data 3517 dětí (1759 chlapců a 1758 dívek) ve věku 4,7 až 17,3 roku. Sběr růstových dat z preventivních prohlídek probíhal od dubna do konce června 2021 a zahrnoval i výpis údajů dítěte z jeho 3 předchozích prohlídek. Na tomto základě byl pomocí flexibilního semiparametrického modelu odfiltrován trend obezity z předcovidového období. To umožnilo objektivní pohled na to, jak restrikce spojené s onemocněním covid-19 reálně ovlivnily dětskou populaci. Z našeho modelu vyplývá, že nejvíce byly restrikcemi ovlivněny a skokově zvýšily svou hmotnost děti v peripubertálním věku (tedy mezi 9. a 13. rokem), a to u obou pohlaví. Obecně závažnější byla situace u chlapců, kde došlo i k výrazné změně procentuálního podílu v jednotlivých kategoriích nadměrné hmotnosti. U 9- a 11letých chlapců bylo méně jedinců v kategorii nadváhy než obezity. U chlapců v 9 letech byla prevalence 17,6 % nadváhy oproti 21,5 % obezity, u 11letých to bylo 21,8 % oproti 27,8 %. Z toho z celkového počtu obézních bylo 7,3 %, resp. 4,1 % v kategorii závažné formy. Výrazný nárůst obezity, a zvláště její závažné formy představuje významné negativní ovlivnění současného a pravděpodobně i budoucího života dětí.
The COVID-19 disease brought changes in the functioning of society and many restrictions, apart from restriction of population movement, also the closure of schools and sports facilities. The extension of the time of exposure to mobile and computer screens due to online education contributed, together with the reduction of sports activities, to sedentary behaviour. Diet also underwent negative changes. The restrictions created an obesogenic environment, which worsened the already concerning situation in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child population. The aim of our study was to assess the consequences of this situation in the population of Czech children based on data on the prevalence of overweight and obesity. In cooperation with paediatricians from all over the Czech Republic, we obtained data from 3’517 children (1’759 boys and 1’758 girls) between the ages of 4.7 and 17.3 years. The collection of growth data from preventive examinations took place from April to the end of June 2021 and included also data of the child’s from his 3 previous examinations. On this basis, the trend of obesity from the pre-covid period was filtered out using a flexible semi-parameter model. This allowed an objective view of how the restrictions associated with COVID-19 actually affected the child population. Our model shows that children in the peripubertal age (i.e. between the ages of 9 and 13) were most affected by the restrictions and increased their weight in both sexes. In general, the situation was more serious for boys, in which there was also a significant change in the percentage in each category of excessive weight. In 9- and 11-year-old boys, there were fewer individuals in the category of overweight than obesity. The prevalence of 9-year-old boys was 17.6% overweight, compared to 21.5% of boys with obesity, as well as 21.8% compared to 27.8% for 11-year-olds. Of this, 7.3% and 4.1% were in the category of severe obesity. The significant increase in obesity, and especially its severe form, represents a significant negative influence on the present and future life of children.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fyzikální vyšetření MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- karanténa MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- obezita dětí a dospívajících * epidemiologie etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- preventivní lékařství MeSH
- sedavý životní styl MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The electroretinogram is a clinical test commonly used in the diagnosis of retinal disorders with the peak time and amplitude of the a- and b-waves used as the main indicators of retinal function. However, subtle changes that affect the shape of the electroretinogram waveform may occur in the early stages of disease or in conditions that have a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative origin. In such cases, we introduce a statistical approach to mathematically model the shape of the electroretinogram waveform that may aid clinicians and researchers using the electroretinogram or other biological signal recordings to identify morphological features in the waveforms that may not be captured by the time or time-frequency domains of the waveforms. We present a statistical graphics-based analysis of the ascending limb of the b-wave (AL-b) of the electroretinogram in children with and without a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a narrative explanation of the statistical approach to illustrate how different features of the waveform based on location and scale derived from raw and registered time series can reveal subtle differences between the groups. RESULTS: Analysis of the raw time trajectories confirmed findings of previous studies with a reduced and delayed b-wave amplitude in ASD. However, when the individual time trajectories were registered then group differences were visible in the mean amplitude at registered time ~ 0.6 suggesting a novel method to differentiate groups using registration of the ERG waveform.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- elektroretinografie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy autistického spektra * MeSH
- retina MeSH
- světelná stimulace metody MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
