Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is hindered by the high costs of pretreatment and the enzymes. The present study aimed to evaluate whether co-cultivation of four selected cellulolytic fungi yields higher cellulase and xylanase activities compared to the monocultures and to investigate whether the enzymes from the co-cultures yield higher saccharification on selected plant materials without thermo-chemical pretreatment. The fungal isolates, Trichoderma reesei F118, Penicillium javanicum FS7, Talaromyces sp. F113, and Talaromyces pinophilus FM9, were grown as monocultures and binary co-cultures under submerged conditions for 7 days. The cellulase and xylanase activities of the culture filtrates were measured, and the culture filtrates were employed for the saccharification of sugarcane leaves, Guinea grass leaves, and water hyacinth stems and leaves. Total reducing sugars and individual sugars released from each plant material were quantified. The co-culture of Talaromyces sp. F113 with Penicillium javanicum FS7 and of T. reesei F118 with T. pinophilus FM9 produced significantly higher cellulase activities compared to the corresponding monocultures whereas no effect was observed on xylanase activities. Overall, the highest amounts of total reducing sugars and individual sugars were obtained from Guinea grass leaves saccharified with the co-culture of T. reesei F118 with T. pinophilus FM9, yielding 63.5% saccharification. Guinea grass leaves were found to be the most susceptible to enzymatic saccharification without pre-treatment, while water hyacinth stems and leaves were the least. Accordingly, the study suggests that fungal co-cultivation could be a promising approach for the saccharification of lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production.
- MeSH
- celulasa * metabolismus MeSH
- endo-1,4-beta-xylanasy metabolismus MeSH
- ethanol metabolismus MeSH
- Hypocreales enzymologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- kokultivační techniky * MeSH
- lignin * metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- Penicillium * enzymologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- Saccharum * mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- Talaromyces * enzymologie metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Monascus pigments having yellow, orange, and red colors are widely studied for their potential beneficial properties. Many different biological activities have been reported regarding Monascus pigments and their derivatives, but the usual method is to test complex extracts from the mycelium of the fungus or from a fungus-fermented substrate. However, this review is mainly concerned with the biological activities of purified Monascus pigments. Both yellow (ankaflavin, monascin) and red (rubropunctamine, monascorubramine) Monascus pigments are proven antioxidants if used in concentrations of 10 μg/mL or higher. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi has been observed with all Monascus pigments. However, the best antimicrobials are red Monascus pigments, and their amino acid derivatives (l-cysteine derivatives have MIC 4 μg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis). Yellow monaphilones and orange monaphilols seem to have the highest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 1.7 μM of monaphilol D) and, together with red Monascus pigment derivatives, have mild antiobesity and antidiabetic activities. Further, monascin and ankaflavin in daily doses of 0.5 and 0.08 mg, respectively, lowered serum blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol complexes in rats on a high-fat diet. Orange Monascus pigments, rubropunctatin and monaphilols A and C, exhibit cytotoxic and antitumor activities (IC50 8-10 μM).
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antiflogistika farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antiinfekční látky farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- antioxidancia farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- biologické pigmenty * farmakologie chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- flaviny farmakologie chemie MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků MeSH
- heterocyklické sloučeniny tricyklické MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- Monascus * chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- červená rýže,
- MeSH
- dyslipidemie * terapie MeSH
- fermentace * MeSH
- fytoterapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lovastatin škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- Monascus MeSH
- označování výrobků MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- rýže (rod) * klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
The fungus Monascus is a well-known source of secondary metabolites with interesting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. In particular, Monascus pigments possess a wide range of biological activities (e.g. antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antitumoral). To broaden the scope of their possible application, this study focused on testing Monascus pigment extracts as potential photosensitizing agents efficient in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against bacteria. For this purpose, eight different extracts of secondary metabolites from the liquid- and solid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus DBM 4360 and Monascus sp. DBM 4361 were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative model bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and further screened for ESKAPE pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To the bacterial culture, increasing concentration of extracts was added and it was found that all extracts showed varying antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in dark, which was further increased after irradiation. Gram-negative bacteria were tolerant to the extracts' exposure in the dark but sensitivity to almost all extracts that occurred after irradiation. The Monascus sp. DBM 4361 extracts seemed to be the best potential candidate for aPDT against Gram-positive bacteria, being efficient at low doses, i.e. the lowest total concentration of Monascus pigments exhibiting aPDT effect was 3.92 ± 1.36 mg/L for E. coli. Our results indicate that Monascus spp., forming monascuspiloin as the major yellow pigment and not-forming mycotoxin citrinin, is a promising source of antimicrobials and photoantimicrobials.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie chemie MeSH
- biologické pigmenty farmakologie MeSH
- biologické přípravky farmakologie chemie MeSH
- fotochemoterapie MeSH
- fotosenzibilizující látky farmakologie chemie MeSH
- grampozitivní bakterie účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- komplexní směsi farmakologie chemie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- Monascus * chemie metabolismus MeSH
- mycelium * chemie účinky záření účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The present work is aimed to hypothesize that fungal endophytes associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants can play a variety of roles in biotechnology including plant growth. Out of 67 fungal isolates, five maximum drought-tolerant isolates were used to check their various plant growth-promoting traits, antioxidants, and antifungal activities under secondary screening. Fungal isolate #8TAKS-3a exhibited the maximum drought tolerance capacity and potential to produce auxin, gibberellic acid, ACC deaminase, phosphate, zinc solubilization, ammonia, siderophore, and extracellular enzyme activities followed by #6TAKR-1a isolate. In terms of antioxidant activities, #8TAKS-3a culture also showed maximum DPPH scavenging, total antioxidant, and NO-scavenging activities. However, #6TAKR-1a exhibited maximum total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and Fe-reducing power and also the highest growth inhibition of Aspergillus niger (ITCC 6152) and Colletotrichum sp. (ITCC 6152). Based on morphological characters and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), β-tubulin (TUB 2), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes, potent fungal isolate #8TAKS-3a was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus. Under the in vitro conditions, T. purpureogenus (#8TAKS-3a) was used as a bioinoculant that displayed a significant increase in various physio-biochemical growth parameters under normal and stressed conditions (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that drought stress-tolerant T. purpureogenus can be further used for field testing as a growth promoter.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia MeSH
- endofyty MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- období sucha MeSH
- pšenice MeSH
- semenáček * MeSH
- Talaromyces * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické pigmenty MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Monascus * metabolismus MeSH
- mykotoxiny MeSH
- potravinářská barviva MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The As concentrations, along with 34 other elements, and the As speciation were investigated in wild-grown samples of the parasitic mushroom Tolypocladium ophioglossoides with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICPMS. The As concentrations were 0.070-3.44 mg kg-1 dry mass. More remarkable was the As speciation, where up to 56% of the extracted As were found to be an unknown As species, which was marginally retained under anion- and also cation-exchange conditions. After testing several different chromatographic settings, the compound was finally isolated and identified as 2-(sulfoxyethyl) trimethylarsonium ion (in short: arsenocholine-O-sulfate) with high resolution mass spectrometry. The compound was synthesized and further quantified in all investigated samples via ion-pair chromatography coupled to ICPMS. In addition to the high abundance of arsenocholine-O-sulfate in T. ophioglossoides, small amounts of this As species were also detected in one sample of the host mushroom, Elaphomyces asperulus. In a sample of another parasitic mushroom, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, arsenocholine-O-sulfate could not be detected, but the main species was another unknown compound that was oxidized to inorganic As(V) with hydrogen peroxide. This is the first discovery of arsenocholine-O-sulfate in nature. It is possible that it is present in many other organisms, at least in low concentrations, and just has not been detected there yet because of its unusual chromatographic behavior. The existence of arsenocholine-O-sulfate brings up questions again about the biotransformation pathways of As in the environment and the specific behavior of fungi.
Endophytic fungi live inside vegetal tissues without causing damage to the host plant and may provide lead compounds for drug discovery. The co-culture of two or more endophytic fungi can trigger silent gene clusters, which could lead to the isolation of bioactive compounds. In this study, two endophytic strains isolated from Handroanthus impetiginosus leaves, identified as Talaromyces purpurogenus H4 and Phanerochaete sp. H2, were grown in mixed and axenic cultures. The meroterpenoid austin was detected only in the extracts from the mixed culture. Once isolated, austin displayed very interesting trypanocidal activity, with an IC50 value of 36.6 ± 1.2 μg/mL against Trypanosoma cruzi in the epimastigote form. The results obtained highlight the importance of the co-culturing of endophytic fungi to obtain natural bioactive products. The findings also enhance our understanding of the ecological relationships between endophytic fungi.
- MeSH
- endofyty chemie genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- kokultivační techniky MeSH
- listy rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- Phanerochaete chemie genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- Tabebuia mikrobiologie MeSH
- Talaromyces chemie genetika růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- terpeny analýza metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- trypanocidální látky analýza metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- Trypanosoma cruzi účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, though hydrolytic enzymes in vivo, are useful tools in the preparation of oligosaccharides of biological interest. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Talaromyces flavus is remarkable in terms of its synthetic potential, broad substrate specificity, and tolerance to substrate modifications. It can be heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris in a high yield. The mutation of the Tyr470 residue to histidine greatly enhances its transglycosylation capability. The aim of this work was to identify the structural requirements of this model β-N-acetylhexosaminidase for its transglycosylation acceptors and formulate a structure-activity relationship study. Enzymatic reactions were performed using an activated glycosyl donor, 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide or 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-galactosaminide, and a panel of glycosyl acceptors of varying structural features (N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, N-acetylmuramic acid, and glucuronic acid). The transglycosylation products were isolated and structurally characterized. The C-2 N-acetamido group in the acceptor molecule was found to be essential for recognition by the enzyme. The presence of the C-2 hydroxyl moiety strongly hindered the normal course of transglycosylation, yielding unique non-reducing disaccharides in a low yield. Moreover, whereas the gluco-configuration at C-4 steered the glycosylation into the β(1-4) position, the galacto-acceptor afforded a β(1-6) glycosidic linkage. The Y470H mutant enzyme was tested with acceptors based on β-glycosides of uronic acid and N-acetylmuramic acid. With the latter acceptor, we were able to isolate and characterize one glycosylation product in a low yield. To our knowledge, this is the first example of enzymatic glycosylation of an N-acetylmuramic acid derivative. In order to explain these findings and predict enzyme behavior, a modeling study was accomplished that correlated with the acquired experimental data.
- MeSH
- beta-N-acetylhexosaminidasy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- glykosidy metabolismus MeSH
- glykosylace MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- oligosacharidy metabolismus MeSH
- substrátová specifita MeSH
- Talaromyces enzymologie MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- blastomykóza diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- chromoblastomykóza diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- histoplazmóza * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kokcidioidomykóza * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kryptokokóza * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lobomykóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- mukormykóza diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- mycetom diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- parakokcidioidomykóza diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- phaeohyphomykóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- rinosporidióza etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- sporotrichóza * diagnóza patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Talaromyces MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
