Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disorder manifested by joint damage due to inflammation and autoimmunity which in turn has significant impacts on a patient's lifestyle. During disease, inflammation occurs due to activation of different immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for RA is drug therapy. However, drug options are limited due to their negative effects and the possibility of reducing therapeutic benefits over time. Therefore, an effective and tolerable alternative therapy is needed. Several natural products have been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects by affecting multiple molecular targets such as transcription factors and cytokines. Cinnamon, an aromatic plant, is a popular spice used for cooking and in traditional medicine all over the world. Cinnamon is composed mostly of essential oils and various components, such as cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. This review demonstrates the anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon components in various preclinical and clinical studies illustrating their potential role in the treatment of RA.
Thirty-one of sixty dyspeptic patients tested positive for Helicobacter pylori colonization in this study, as determined by histopathology and 16S rRNA. The cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genes were found in 67.7 and 93.5% of H. pylori patients, respectively. The cagA gene was found to be associated with 100% of patients with duodenal erosion and ulceration identified via endoscopy examination. In addition, 86.7% of patients with cancerous and precancerous lesions, glandular atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia identified via histopathology examination. The vacA s1m1 mutation was associated with more severe forms of gastric erosion and ulceration, as well as the presence of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Eighteen (64.3%) of the twenty-eight isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant (MDR) or pan-drug resistant (PDR) H. pylori. Due to a resurgence of interest in alternative therapies derived from plants as a result of H. pylori resistance to the majority of commonly used antibiotics, the inhibitory activity of five essential oils extracted from some commonly used medicinal plants was evaluated in vitro against drug-resistant H. pylori clinical isolates. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil demonstrated the highest anti-H. pylori activity when compared to the other essential oils tested. Cinnamaldehyde was the most abundant compound in C. zeylanicum (65.91%). The toxicological evaluation established the safety of C. zeylanicum oil for human use. As a result, C. zeylanicum essential oil may represent a novel antibacterial agent capable of combating drug-resistant H. pylori carrying cytotoxin genes.
BACKGROUND: Recent discoveries in cancer therapeutics have proven combination therapies more effective than individual drugs. This study describes the efficacy of the combination of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and doxorubicin against benzene-induced leukemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Brine shrimp assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of C. zeylanicum, doxorubicin and their combination. After AML induction in Sprague Dawley rats, the same drugs were given to rat groups. Changes in organ weight, haematological profile, and hepatic enzymes were determined. Real-time PCR was used to elucidate the effect on the expression of STMN1, GAPDH, P53 and various TRAIL and NF-kappaB components. C. zeylanicum reduced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. The combination treatment showed better anti-leukemic results than any of the individual drugs as evident from STMN1 expression (p < 0.001). It was particularly effective in reducing total white blood cell counts and recovering lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils along with hepatic enzymes ALT and AST (p < 0.001). All doses recovered relative organ weights and improved blood parameters. The combination therapy was particularly effective in inducing apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation marker GAPDH (p < 0.001) and NF-kappaB pathway components Rel-A (p < 0.001) and Rel-B (p < 0.01). Expressions of TRAIL components c-FLIP (p < 0.001), TRAIL ligand (p < 0.001) and caspase 8 (p < 0.01) were also altered. CONCLUSION: Cinnamomum zeylanicum in combination with doxorubicin helps to counter benzene-induced cellular and hepatic toxicity and improves haematological profile. The anti-leukemic effects are potentially due to inhibition of GAPDH and NF-kappa B pathway, and through regulation of TRAIL pathway. Our data suggests the use of C. zeylanicum with doxorubicin to improve anti-leukemic therapeutic regimes.
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- benzen farmakologie MeSH
- doxorubicin farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- leukemie * farmakoterapie MeSH
- NF-kappa B metabolismus MeSH
- oleje prchavé * farmakologie MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- protein TRAIL metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- skořicovník ceylonský metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
α-Terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and δ-terpineol, isomers of terpineol, are among the compounds that give Cinnamomum longepaniculatum leaf oil its distinguished pleasant smell. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of these three isomeric terpineols. The determination of antibacterial activity was based on the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC). Changes in time-kill curve, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), UV-absorbing material, membrane potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were measured to elucidate the possible antimicrobial mechanism. α-Terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and δ-terpineol demonstrated good inhibitory effects against several gram-negative bacteria, particularly Shigella flexneri. MIC and MBC of α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol were similar (0.766 mg/mL and 1.531 mg/mL, respectively) for S. flexneri, while the MIC and MBC values of δ-terpineol were 0.780 mg/mL and 3.125 mg/mL, respectively. Time-kill curves showed that the antibacterial activities of the tested compounds were in a concentration-dependent manner. Release of nucleic acids and proteins along with a decrease in membrane potential proved that α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and δ-terpineol could increase the membrane permeability of Shigella flexneri. Additionally, the release of AKP suggested that the cell wall was destroyed. SEM analysis further confirmed that S. flexneri cell membranes were damaged by α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and δ-terpineol. Our research suggests that these three isomeric terpineols have the potential of being used as natural antibacterial agents by destroying the cell membrane and wall, resulting in cell death. However, the specific antibacterial activity differences need further investigation.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky chemie farmakologie MeSH
- buněčná stěna účinky léků MeSH
- gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- membránové potenciály účinky léků MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- oleje prchavé chemie farmakologie MeSH
- skořicovník chemie MeSH
- terpeny chemie farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of Hazomalania voyronii, popularly known as hazomalana, to repel mosquitoes and resist against insect attacks is handed down from generation to generation in Madagascar. In the present study, we investigated the ability of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from the stem wood, fresh and dry bark of H. voyronii to keep important mosquito vectors (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) away, as well as their toxicity on three insect species of agricultural and public health importance (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Musca domestica and Spodoptera littoralis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hydrodistillation was used to obtain EOs from stem wood, fresh and dry bark. The chemical compositions were achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicity assays using stem wood and bark EOs were performed on larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis, and adults of M. domestica by WHO and topical application methods, respectively. Mosquito repellent activity of the most effective EO, i.e. the bark one, was determined on human volunteers by arm-in-cage tests, and results were compared with that of the commercial repellent N,N-ddiethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). RESULTS: The H. voyronii EOs were characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes with perilla aldehyde (30.9-47.9%) and 1,8-cineole (19.7-33.2%) as the main constituents. The fresh and dry bark EOs were the most active on Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis larvae, respectively, with LC50/LD50 of 65.5 mg L-1, and 50.5 μg larva-1; the EOs from wood and fresh bark displayed the highest toxicity on M. domestica (LD50 values 60.8 and 65.8 μg adult-1, respectively). Repellence assay revealed an almost complete protection (>80%) from both mosquito species for 30 min when pure fresh bark EO was applied on the volunteers' arm, while DEET 10% repelled >80% of the mosquitoes up to 120 min from application. CONCLUSION: The traditional use of the bark EO to repel insects has been demonstrated although an extended-release formulation based on H. voyronii EOs is needed to increase the repellent effect over time. A wide spectrum of insecticidal activity has been provided as well, suggesting a possible use of H. voyronii EOs in the fabrication of green repellents and insecticides useful to control mosquito vectors and agricultural pests.
- MeSH
- Aedes účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Culex účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- diethyltoluamid farmakologie MeSH
- dřevo * chemie MeSH
- Hernandiaceae * chemie MeSH
- kůra rostlin * chemie MeSH
- larva účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- moskyti - kontrola * MeSH
- moucha domácí účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- oleje prchavé izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- oleje rostlin izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- repelenty proti hmyzu izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- Spodoptera účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Diabetes mellitus je chronické metabolické onemocnění projevující se hyperglykemií. V současnosti představuje ve světě jednu z nějčastějších zdravotních komplikací a jeho incidence stále stoupá. Hyperglykemie je způsobena sníženou či chybějící sekrecí inzulinu nebo rezistencí periferních tkání k jeho účinku. Nekompenzovaný diabetes a hyperglykemie přinášejí řadu dalších komplikací, jako je retinopatie, nefropatie, kardiovaskulární onemocnění a další. Prediabetes je stav, který často přechází v diabetes mellitus a projevuje se zvýšenou hladinou glukózy v krvi či narušenou glukózovou tolerancí.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Currently it is one of the major health problems in the world and its incidence is increasing. Hyperglycemia is caused either lowered or no insulin secretion or by peripheral tissues resistance to its effects. Uncompensated diabetes with inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Prediabetes is a stage which usually converts to diabetes mellitus, it´s characterized by above normal blood glucose levels or having impaired glucose tolerance. In prediabetes and type-2 diabetes mellitus, phytotherapy can be used in combination with a standard therapy (diet, peroral antidiabetics and insulin). There are many plants with antidiabetic effects and some of them were supported by clinical trials. This review presents four species of plants and mushrooms with antidiabetic effects: shaggy mane (Coprinus comatus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), guduchi (Tinospora cordata), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). They can be used as dietary supplements.
- Klíčová slova
- chebule srdčitá,
- MeSH
- Coprinus MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- fytoterapie * MeSH
- houby MeSH
- krevní glukóza fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prediabetes farmakoterapie patofyziologie MeSH
- skořicovník MeSH
- Tinospora MeSH
- vanad terapeutické užití MeSH
- zázvor lékařský MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
AIMS: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial interactions between two volatile agents, Cinnamomum cassia essential oil (CCEO) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) against Staphylococcus aureus strains in liquid and vapour phases. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro antimicrobial effect of CCEO in combination with 8-HQ was evaluated against 12 strains of S. aureus by broth volatilization chequerboard method. Results show additive effects against all S. aureus strains for both phases. In several cases, sums of fractional inhibitory concentration values of our test combinations were lower than 0·6, which can be considered as a strong additive interaction. Moreover, composition of CCEO was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In the CCEO, 26 compounds in total were identified, where (E)-cinnamaldehyde was the predominant compound, followed by cinnamyl acetate, α-copaene, bornyl acetate and caryophyllene. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed additive in vitro growth-inhibitory effect of CCEO and 8-HQ combination against various standard strains and clinical isolates of S. aureus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report on antibacterial effect of 8-HQ and CCEO combination in liquid and vapour phases. Results of the study suggest these agents as potential candidates for development of new anti-staphylococcal applications that can be used in the inhalation therapy against respiratory infections.
- MeSH
- akrolein analogy a deriváty chemie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- oleje prchavé farmakologie MeSH
- oxychinolin farmakologie MeSH
- plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí MeSH
- skořicovník čínský chemie MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 2. typu prevence a kontrola MeSH
- fytoterapie metody MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty * aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- skořicovník ceylonský * MeSH
- skořicovník MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Comprehensive oncology research suggests an important role of phytochemicals or whole plant foods in the modulation of signaling pathways associated with anticancer action. The goal of this study is to assess the anticancer activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. using rat, mouse, and cell line breast carcinoma models. C. zeylanicum (as bark powder) was administered in the diet at two concentrations of 0.1% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) during the whole experiment in chemically induced rat mammary carcinomas and a syngeneic 4T1 mouse model. After autopsy, histopathological and molecular evaluations of mammary gland tumors in rodents were carried out. Moreover, in vitro analyses using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were performed. The dominant metabolites present in the tested C. zeylanicum essential oil (with relative content over 1%) were cinnamaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, linalool, eucalyptol, limonene, o-cymol, and α-terpineol. The natural mixture of mentioned molecules demonstrated significant anticancer effects in our study. In the mouse model, C. zeylanicum at a higher dose (1%) significantly decreased tumor volume by 44% when compared to controls. In addition, treated tumors showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in mitotic activity index by 29% (0.1%) and 45.5% (1%) in comparison with the control group. In rats, C. zeylanicum in both doses significantly reduced the tumor incidence by 15.5% and non-significantly suppressed tumor frequency by more than 30% when compared to controls. An evaluation of the mechanism of anticancer action using valid oncological markers showed several positive changes after treatment with C. zeylanicum. Histopathological analysis of treated rat tumor specimens showed a significant decrease in the ratio of high-/low-grade carcinomas compared to controls. In treated rat carcinomas, we found caspase-3 and Bax expression increase. On the other hand, we observed a decrease in Bcl-2, Ki67, VEGF, and CD24 expressions and MDA levels. Assessment of epigenetic changes in rat tumor cells in vivo showed a significant decrease in lysine methylation status of H3K4m3 and H3K9m3 in the high-dose treated group, a dose-dependent increase in H4K16ac levels (H4K20m3 was not changed), down-regulations of miR21 and miR155 in low-dose cinnamon groups (miR22 and miR34a were not modulated), and significant reduction of the methylation status of two out of five gene promoters-ATM and TIMP3 (PITX2, RASSF1, PTEN promoters were not changed). In vitro study confirmed results of animal studies, in that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum displayed significant anticancer efficacy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (using MTS, BrdU, cell cycle, annexin V/PI, caspase-3/7, Bcl-2, PARP, and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses). As a conclusion, C. zeylanicum L. showed chemopreventive and therapeutic activities in animal breast carcinoma models that were also significantly confirmed by mechanistic evaluations in vitro and in vivo.
- MeSH
- fytogenní protinádorové látky aplikace a dávkování chemie farmakologie MeSH
- histony metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kůra rostlin chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MFC-7 buňky MeSH
- mikro RNA genetika MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádory prsu farmakoterapie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- oleje prchavé aplikace a dávkování chemie farmakologie MeSH
- oleje rostlin aplikace a dávkování chemie farmakologie MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- skořicovník ceylonský chemie MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- xenogenní modely - testy protinádorové aktivity MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
