Stratified and precision nutrition refers to disease management or prevention of disease onset, based on dietary interventions tailored to a person's characteristics, biology, gut microbiome, and environmental exposures. Such treatment models may lead to more effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reduce risk of disease development. This societal position paper aimed to report advances made in stratified and precision nutritional therapy in IBD. Following a structured literature search, limited to human studies, we identified four relevant themes: (a) nutritional epidemiology for risk prediction of IBD development, (b) food-based dietary interventions in IBD, (c) exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) for Crohn's disease (CD) management, and (d) pre- and probiotics for IBD management. There is scarce literature upon which we can make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for IBD, both for risk of disease development and disease management. Certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism may modify the effect dietary PUFA have in increasing the risk of IBD development. Non-colonic CD, mild-to-moderate CD, and high microbiota richness may predict success of EEN and may be used both for prediction of treatment continuation, but also for early cessation in nonresponders. There is currently insufficient evidence to make recommendations for precision or stratified dietary therapy for patients with established IBD. Despite the great interest in stratified and precision nutrition, we currently lack data to support conclusive recommendations. Replication of early findings by independent research groups and within structured clinical interventions is required.
The complexity of omes - the key cellular ensembles (genome and epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome) - is becoming increasingly understood in terms of big-data analysis, the omics. Amongst these, proteomics provides a global description of quantitative and qualitative alterations of protein expression (or protein abundance in body fluids) in response to physiologic or pathologic processes while metabolomics offers a functional portrait of the physiological state by quantifying metabolite abundances in biological samples. Here, we summarize how different techniques of proteomic and metabolic analysis can be used to define key biochemical characteristics of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGL). The significance of omics in understanding features of PPGL biology that might translate to improved diagnosis and treatment will be highlighted.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of cell biology and biomedical research, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has contributed not only to the diversification of experimental tools available but also to their improvement toward greater physiological relevance. 3D cell culture has emerged as a revolutionary technique that bridges the long-standing gap between traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and the complex microenvironments found in living organisms. By providing conditions for establishing critical features of in vivo environment, such as cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, 3D cell culture enables proper tissue-like architecture and differentiated function of cells. Since the early days of 3D cell culture in the 1970s, the field has witnessed remarkable progress, with groundbreaking discoveries, novel methodologies, and transformative applications. One particular 3D cell culture technique has caught the attention of many scientists and has experienced an unprecedented boom and enthusiastic application in both basic and translational research over the past decade - the organoid technology. This book chapter provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of 3D cell culture including organoids, an overview of 3D cell culture techniques, and an overview of methodological- and protocol-oriented chapters in the book 3D Cell Culture.
Preclinical biomedical research is limited by the predictiveness of in vivo and in vitro models. While in vivo models offer the most complex system for experimentation, they are also limited by ethical, financial, and experimental constraints. In vitro models are simplified models that do not offer the same complexity as living animals but do offer financial affordability and more experimental freedom; therefore, they are commonly used. Traditional 2D cell lines cannot fully simulate the complexity of the epithelium of healthy organs and limit scientific progress. The One Health Initiative was established to consolidate human, animal, and environmental health while also tackling complex and multifactorial medical problems. Reverse translational research allows for the sharing of knowledge between clinical research in veterinary and human medicine. Recently, organoid technology has been developed to mimic the original organ's epithelial microstructure and function more reliably. While human and murine organoids are available, numerous other organoids have been derived from traditional veterinary animals and exotic species in the last decade. With these additional organoid models, species previously excluded from in vitro research are becoming accessible, therefore unlocking potential translational and reverse translational applications of animals with unique adaptations that overcome common problems in veterinary and human medicine.
Elektrochemická detekce biomolekul se neustále posouvá a má velký potenciál využití v klinické praxi. V posledních letech je kladen důraz na přesné a rychlé stanovení biomarkerů na bázi nukleových kyselin – DNA a RNA. Značná část výzkumných projektů však nereflektuje požadavky na demonstraci vyvinutých metod na klinickém materiálu, což jejich aplikační potenciál značně snižuje. Klinický materiál vnáší do výzkumu oproti modelovým vzorkům větší variabilitu a práce s ním vyžaduje specifické podmínky. Problém získávání klinického materiálu pro výzkumné účely z velké části řeší banky biologického materiálu, které mohou nabídnout vzorky a data vhodné pro konkrétní výzkumný záměr.
Precise diagnostics of cancer or other diseases is crucial when selecting proper treatment. Personalized medicine puts high demands on the accuracy of nucleic acid biomarkers analysis, where subtle differences at the nucleotide level are often involved. Isothermal amplification techniques offer new possibilities of DNA and RNA amplification without using PCR, and their combination with electrochemistry provide a promising fast and cost-effective alternative diagnostic tool. Although electrochemical biosensors are still insufficiently applied to clinical material, thus hindering their development, recent advancements show great promise in translational research. Banks of biological material (biobanks) are specialized workplaces focused on the long-term preservation and processing of clinical material and offer a wide range of expert services, primarily for research purposes, in particular the provision of biological samples and associated pseudonymized data. Their involvement in the field of electrochemical biosensors can facilitate application of electrochemical methods into clinical laboratories and expand the portfolio of currently used diagnostic methods.
- MeSH
- banky biologického materiálu MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky metody MeSH
- elektrochemické techniky * metody MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery * analýza klasifikace MeSH
- techniky amplifikace nukleových kyselin metody MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Extracorporeal life support is a treatment modality that provides prolonged blood circulation, gas exchange and can substitute functions of heart and lungs to provide urgent cardio-respiratory stabilization in patients with severe but potentially reversible cardiopulmonary failure refractory to conventional therapy. Generally, the therapy targets blood pressure, volume status, and end-organs perfusion. As there are significant differences in hemodynamic efficacy among different percutaneous circulatory support systems, it should be carefully considered when selecting the most appropriate circulatory support for specific medical conditions in individual patients. Despite severe metabolic and hemodynamic deterioration during prolonged cardiac arrest, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) can rapidly revert otherwise fatal prognosis, thus carrying a potential for improvement in survival rate, which can be even improved by introduction of mild therapeutic hypothermia. In order to allow a rapid transfer of knowledge to clinical medicine two porcine models were developed for studying efficiency of the VA ECMO in treatments of acute cardiogenic shock and progressive chronic heart failure. These models allowed also an intensive research of adverse events accompanying a clinical use of VA ECMO and their possible compensations. The results indicated that in order to weaken the negative effects of increased afterload on the left ventricular function the optimal VA ECMO flow in cardiogenic shock should be as low as possible to allow adequate tissue perfusion. The left ventricle can be also unloaded by an ECG-synchronized pulsatile flow if using a novel pulsatile ECMO system. Thus, pulsatility of VA ECMO flow may improve coronary perfusion even under conditions of high ECMO blood flows. And last but not least, also the percutaneous balloon atrial septostomy is a very perspective method how to passively decompress overloaded left heart.
Závěrečná zpráva o řešení grantu Agentury pro zdravotnický výzkum MZ ČR
Nestr.
Disturbances of cognitive functions have been recognized as hallmarks of schizophrenia and predictors of therapeutic outcome. They significantly limit patient ́s functioning, yet there are no specific treatments for cognitive deficits in this disease. In this translational project, we seek to determine the causal role of hippocampal-prefrontal projections in cognitive coordination and flexibility. Moreover, causative role of frontotemporal theta coherence and synchrony will be revealed by controlling PV+ interneuron activity in freely-moving rats. The human part will test relations of frontotemporal synchrony to coordination and flexibility in 35 remitted schizophrenia patients and 35 matched healthy controls using a hrEEG/fMRI measurements and tests of the virtual reality. The overall aim is to elucidate a neuronal substrate for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia for an intelligent design of new treatments. Results of this project will unequivocally show the constituents of frontotemporal dysfunction in schizophrenia and open way for future treatment of cognitive deficits.
Poruchy kognitivních funkcí jsou považovány za klíčový příznak schizofrenie a předpovídají terapeutický výsledek. Velmi významně narušují denní fungování pacientů se schizofrenií, a přesto dosud neexistuje cílená léčba kognitivního deficitu u schizofrenie. V tomto translačním projektu plánujeme objasnit kauzální roli hipokampálně-prefrontálních projekcí v kognitivní koordinace a flexibilitě. Rovněž ukážeme na příčinnou roli frontotemporální theta koherence a synchronie pomocí optogenetické kontroly aktivity PV+ interneuronů u volně pohyblivých potkanů. V klinické části otestujeme vliv frontotemporální synchronizace na kognitivní koordinaci a flexibilitu ve skupině 35 pacientů v remisi a u 35 zdravých kontrol s využitím hrEEG/fMRI měření a testů virtuální reality. Hlavním cílem je objasnění neurobiologického substrátu kognitivního deficitu u schizofrenie, které umožní inteligentní design nových léčebných postupů. Výsledky projektu jednoznačně ukážou složky frontotemporální dysfunkce u schizofrenie a otevřou cestu pro budoucí specifickou terapii kognitivního deficitu.
- MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- hipokampus MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- nervový přenos MeSH
- neurozobrazování MeSH
- optogenetika MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra MeSH
- schizofrenie diagnóza MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
- virtuální realita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- neurologie
- psychiatrie
- NLK Publikační typ
- závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu AZV MZ ČR
Metastasis accounts for the highest mortality rates in solid tumor cancer patients. However, research and development have neglected this most lethal characteristic and, instead, have concentrated on the hallmarks of cancer that make tumor cells highly proliferative and distinctive from nonmalignant cells. The concentration on invasion and metastasis can be one of the most meaningful advancements in cancer investigation. Importantly, metastasis-free survival (MFS) was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a novel primary endpoint in clinical trials and has been used to evaluate the prognosis of patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and soft tissue sarcoma. This new definition enables to shift the focus of research and development in cancer therapeutics toward metastasis and to change the emphasis from using tumor shrinkage as a benchmark for indicating the efficacy of treatment to using MFS as a more representative endpoint for antimetastatic drugs. This perspective outlines the possibility to use this novel endpoint in other solid cancers, and examples of large clinical trials are given in which MFS is defined as an endpoint and/or in which antimetastatic strategies are being examined. These advances now open the door for the rapid development of antimetastatic therapies, which could be used in combination with standard cytotoxic cancer therapies. With pioneer research on metastasis prevention on the rise and the underlying biomechanisms of tumor cell motility and invasion explored further than ever before, we believe an intensified focus on antimetastatic properties will shape this era of cancer translational research.
- MeSH
- antitumorózní látky terapeutické užití MeSH
- doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
- invazivní růst nádoru MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metastázy nádorů MeSH
- nádory farmakoterapie metabolismus mortalita patologie MeSH
- pohyb buněk účinky léků MeSH
- stanovení cílového parametru MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
There is a persistent variation in cancer outcomes among and within European countries suggesting (among other causes) inequalities in access to or delivery of high-quality cancer care. European policy (EU Cancer Mission and Europe's Beating Cancer Plan) is currently moving towards a mission-oriented approach addressing these inequalities. In this study, we used the quantitative and qualitative data of the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes' Accreditation and Designation Programme, relating to 40 large European cancer centres, to describe their current compliance with quality standards, to identify the hallmarks common to all centres and to show the distinctive features of Comprehensive Cancer Centres. All Comprehensive Cancer Centres and Cancer Centres accredited by the Organisation of European Cancer Institutes show good compliance with quality standards related to care, multidisciplinarity and patient centredness. However, Comprehensive Cancer Centres on average showed significantly better scores on indicators related to the volume, quality and integration of translational research, such as high-impact publications, clinical trial activity (especially in phase I and phase IIa trials) and filing more patents as early indicators of innovation. However, irrespective of their size, centres show significant variability regarding effective governance when functioning as entities within larger hospitals.
- MeSH
- akademie a ústavy normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- biomedicínský výzkum organizace a řízení normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- kvalita zdravotní péče * MeSH
- lékařská onkologie normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory epidemiologie terapie MeSH
- onkologická péče - zařízení * organizace a řízení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- péče orientovaná na pacienta organizace a řízení normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- translační biomedicínský výzkum metody organizace a řízení statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- týmová péče o pacienty organizace a řízení normy statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
