Lyme borreliosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. In Europe, Lyme borreliosis is predominantly caused by Borrelia afzelii and transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Although Borrelia behavior throughout tick development is quite well documented, specific molecular interactions between Borrelia and the tick have not been satisfactorily examined. Here, we present the first transcriptomic study focused on the expression of tick midgut genes regulated by Borrelia. By using massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE), we searched for tick transcripts expressed differentially in the midgut of unfed, 24h-fed, and fully fed I. ricinus nymphs infected with B. afzelii. In total, we identified 553 upregulated and 530 downregulated tick genes and demonstrated that B. afzelii interacts intensively with the tick. Technical and biological validations confirmed the accuracy of the transcriptome. The expression of five validated tick genes was silenced by RNA interference. Silencing of the uncharacterized protein (GXP_Contig_30818) delayed the infection progress and decreased infection prevalence in the target mice tissues. Silencing of other genes did not significantly affect tick feeding nor the transmission of B. afzelii, suggesting a possible role of these genes rather in Borrelia acquisition or persistence in ticks. Identification of genes and proteins exploited by Borrelia during transmission and establishment in a tick could help the development of novel preventive strategies for Lyme borreliosis.
- MeSH
- Borrelia burgdorferi Group genetics MeSH
- Ticks genetics microbiology MeSH
- Ixodes genetics MeSH
- Lyme Disease microbiology transmission MeSH
- Mice, Inbred C3H MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Nymph microbiology MeSH
- Transcriptome genetics MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Bacteria classification MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Dietary Supplements classification MeSH
- Diarrhea * diet therapy etiology classification microbiology veterinary MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Members of the genus Trichonympha are among the most well-known, recognizable and widely distributed parabasalian symbionts of lower termites and the wood-eating cockroach species of the genus Cryptocercus. Nevertheless, the species diversity of this genus is largely unknown. Molecular data have shown that the superficial morphological similarities traditionally used to identify species are inadequate, and have challenged the view that the same species of the genus Trichonympha can occur in many different host species. Ambiguities in the literature, uncertainty in identification of both symbiont and host, and incomplete samplings are limiting our understanding of the systematics, ecology and evolution of this taxon. Here we describe four closely related novel species of the genus Trichonympha collected from South American and Australian lower termites: Trichonympha hueyi sp. nov. from Rugitermes laticollis, Trichonympha deweyi sp. nov. from Glyptotermes brevicornis, Trichonympha louiei sp. nov. from Calcaritermes temnocephalus and Trichonympha webbyae sp. nov. from Rugitermes bicolor. We provide molecular barcodes to identify both the symbionts and their hosts, and infer the phylogeny of the genus Trichonympha based on small subunit rRNA gene sequences. The analysis confirms the considerable divergence of symbionts of members of the genus Cryptocercus, and shows that the two clades of the genus Trichonympha harboured by termites reflect only in part the phylogeny of their hosts.
- MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Hypermastigia classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Isoptera microbiology MeSH
- RNA, Protozoan genetics MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal genetics MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA MeSH
- Symbiosis MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Base Composition MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Australia MeSH
- Ecuador MeSH
- Peru MeSH
- MeSH
- Biofilms * growth & development MeSH
- Respiratory System microbiology MeSH
- Soft Tissue Infections microbiology MeSH
- Urinary Tract Infections microbiology MeSH
- Infections blood MeSH
- Blood Circulation MeSH
- Skin microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Body * MeSH
- Microbiology * MeSH
- Oral Hygiene MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Urogenital System microbiology MeSH
- Mouth microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
BACKGROUND: Probiotic bacteria can be used for the prevention and treatment of human inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the nature of active components and exact mechanisms of this beneficial effects have not been fully elucidated. Our aim was to investigate if lysate of probiotic bacterium L. casei DN-114 001 (Lc) could decrease the severity of intestinal inflammation in a murine model of IBD. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The preventive effect of oral administration of Lc significantly reduces the severity of acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in BALB/c but not in SCID mice. In order to analyze how this beneficial effect interferes with well-known phases of intestinal inflammation pathogenesis in vivo and in vitro, we evaluated intestinal permeability using the FITC-labeled dextran method and analysed tight junction proteins expression by immunofluorescence and PCR. We also measured CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells proportion by FACS analysis, microbiota composition by pyrosequencing, and local cytokine production by ELISA. Lc leads to a significant protection against increased intestinal permeability and barrier dysfunction shown by preserved ZO-1 expression. We found that the Lc treatment increases the numbers of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), decreases production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in Peyer's patches and large intestine, and changes the gut microbiota composition. Moreover, Lc treatment prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α expression in RAW 264.7 cell line by down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provided evidence that even non-living probiotic bacteria can prevent the development of severe forms of intestinal inflammation by strengthening the integrity of intestinal barrier and modulation of gut microenvironment.
- MeSH
- Macrophage Activation drug effects MeSH
- Acute Disease MeSH
- Administration, Oral MeSH
- Down-Regulation drug effects MeSH
- Phosphoproteins metabolism MeSH
- Immunity drug effects MeSH
- Colitis microbiology pathology physiopathology prevention & control MeSH
- Lacticaseibacillus casei metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lipopolysaccharides pharmacology MeSH
- Membrane Proteins metabolism MeSH
- Metagenome drug effects MeSH
- Mice, Inbred BALB C MeSH
- Mice, SCID MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- NF-kappa B metabolism MeSH
- Permeability drug effects MeSH
- Lymphocyte Count MeSH
- Probiotics administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory cytology drug effects MeSH
- Intestinal Mucosa drug effects immunology microbiology MeSH
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha biosynthesis MeSH
- Digestive System drug effects microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Po odstavení mizí diference v mikrobiotě kojených a nekojených. Ve 2 letech se mikrobiota stabilizuje a odpovídá dospělým.
After weaning the differences in mikrobiota between breastfed and formula-fed infants dissappear. At 2 years the microbiota resembles that of adults.
- Keywords
- odstavování, mikrobiální deprivace,
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Bacterial Physiological Phenomena MeSH
- Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena MeSH
- Hygiene Hypothesis MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Metagenome physiology drug effects MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Weaning MeSH
- Probiotics classification therapeutic use MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
Mikroflóra představuje důležitou komplexní složku organizmu, která se podílí na jeho správné funkci. V posledních letech se zvyšuje význam této problematiky, která hraje důležitou roli v prevenci a léčbě řady chorob, zejména trávicího traktu.
- MeSH
- Food, Organic microbiology utilization MeSH
- Gastroenterology education MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Digestive System Diseases immunology microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Book Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Bacterial Translocation physiology drug effects MeSH
- Digestive System microbiology MeSH
- Publication type
- Book Review MeSH
