BACKGROUND: Mercury is a pollutant of global concern. To protect human health and environment from mercury pollution, the Minamata Convention on mercury entered into force in 2017. OBJECTIVES: To support a future effectiveness evaluation of the convention, this study assesses worldwide and regional time trends of total mercury levels in human blood and breast milk across different population sub-groups in the last half-century prior to entry-into-force of the Minamata Convention. This study also provides an overview of the epidemiological literature showing evidence of associations between mercury exposure (in terms of total mercury levels in whole blood, cord blood, and breast milk) and human health. METHODS: We searched electronic databases to identify articles published prior to June 14, 2017 and reported total mercury levels in any of three biological matrices (whole blood, cord blood, or breast milk) and/or associations with human health. Temporal trends of total mercury levels in the selected biological matrices across different population sub-groups were estimated using a linear fit of the log-transformed data. In parallel, statistical methods were employed to assess any possible effect of sources of inhomogeneity (i.e. study and population characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, source of exposure, sampling period, and geographical region) in the collected studies. Furthermore, a summary of significant and relevant associations between mercury exposure and human health conditions in children and adults was prepared. FINDINGS: We found significant declines in total mercury levels in whole blood, cord blood, and breast milk between 1966 and 2015. A regional overview of total mercury levels in whole blood, cord blood, and breast milk suggests the highest levels in South America, followed by Africa or Asia whereas the population groups from Europe or North America displayed the lowest levels of total mercury in the selected biological matrices. We observed conclusive consistent associations of mercury exposure with selected health conditions, especially neurodevelopment and neurotoxicity in children and adults. For several other health conditions, reported findings in the collected studies do not support conclusive associations. We also found that several studies demonstrated significant associations between mercury exposure below the USEPA reference level and various health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a worldwide and regional overview of trends in total mercury levels in human blood and breast milk and associated health risks prior to entry-into-force of the Minamata Convention and calls for further epidemiological investigations from across the globe to fully understand the health implications of mercury exposure.
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- neurotoxické syndromy epidemiologie MeSH
- rtuť krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: There is limited research examining the chemical load of toxic metals in the elderly. The aim of the present study was two-fold: to determine the body burden of lead, cadmium and mercury in association with age, gender, locality, lifestyle factors and potential health impacts among this population and to compare the values with blood values from the general Czech population aged 18-64 years. METHODS: Lead, cadmium and mercury were examined in the blood of institutionalized senior citizens (46 males, 151 females aged 61-100 years) from two localities in the Czech Republic (Prague and Teplice) from 2009 through 2011. Measurements were made using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Pb, Cd) and a single purpose spectrometer AMA 254 (Hg). RESULTS: Geometric means (GM) of whole blood lead (B-Pb), cadmium (B-Cd) and mercury (B-Hg) levels were 25.3μg/l, 0.55μg/l and 0.21μg/l, respectively. No age-related differences were found for B-Pb and B-Cd levels but a negative correlation with age was observed for B-Hg levels (p=0.04). B-Pb levels in men were significantly higher than in women (GM 29.9μg/l vs. 24.1μg/l). B-Cd was significantly higher in women (GM 0.57μg/l) than in men (0.50μg/l) (p=0.007) and in smokers (GM 1.29μg/l) than in nonsmokers (GM 0.53μg/l) (p=<0.001) and in seniors from Prague (GM 0.60μg/l) compared to those from Teplice (GM 0.43μg/l) (p=<0.001). Seniors with a history of chronic kidney disease, stroke and those using psycho-pharmaceuticals had higher B-Pb levels (p=0.008, 0.04 and 0.05, resp.), seniors diagnosed with atherosclerosis had higher B-Cd levels (p=0.002) and seniors using psycho-pharmaceuticals had higher B-Hg levels (p=0.07). B-Hg levels were also positively correlated with blood albumin levels (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data on levels of heavy metals in a group of elderly people. Such information is very scarce. Associations with diseases should be the subject of further investigation.
- MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- charakteristiky bydlení MeSH
- domovy pro seniory * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- institucionalizace * MeSH
- kadmium krev MeSH
- kouření škodlivé účinky krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
- olovo krev MeSH
- pečovatelské domovy * MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- rtuť krev MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- stárnutí krev MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: About 50 women (age: 46-62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006-2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation. RESULTS: Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5-27.0 μg/l and 0.25-0.65 μg/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40-1.38 μg/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2-68.0, 0.39-0.99 and 1.01-2.73 μg/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically significant determinant for B-Cd, while fish and shellfish intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fillings also contributed to B-Hg. CONCLUSIONS: The present results confirm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confirms the previous findings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is significant.
- MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- kadmium krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- městské obyvatelstvo * MeSH
- nemoc vyvolaná prostředím krev epidemiologie MeSH
- olovo krev MeSH
- rtuť krev MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- zdraví žen * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Chorvatsko MeSH
- Ekvádor MeSH
- Maroko MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Slovinsko MeSH
- Švédsko MeSH
The article describes bio-monitoring study concerning recent and long-term exposure of Czech women to toxic metals. Blood cadmium, mercury and lead levels were measured in groups of women with various life styles, etc., to have comparable results in the course of a long study period; a strong emphasis was laid on the quality control of the whole process during the study. Higher cadmium level was found in smokers compared to non-smokers, lower mercury level was found in the group of women who never eat fish. A slight increase of blood lead level with age was observed. No significant differences were found between localities in a given period. Our results do not differ from those gained in other European countries.
- MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kadmium krev toxicita MeSH
- kouření krev MeSH
- kovy krev toxicita MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nebezpečné látky krev toxicita MeSH
- olovo krev toxicita MeSH
- rtuť krev toxicita MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- zdraví žen MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Biomonitoring jako nástroj pro ověření expozice populace toxickým látkám z prostředí a odhad zdravotních rizik je od r. 1994 součástí Systému monitorování zdravotního stavu české populace ve vztahu k prostředí (MZSO). Od roku 2006 se Česká republika prostřednictvím Státního zdravotního ústavu účastní řešení projektu 6. RP Evropské unie, který je zaměřen na výzkum dlouhodobé expozice populace nízkým koncentracím kovů z prostředí ("PHIME" – Public health impact of long-term, low-level mixed element exposure in susceptible population strata). V rámci projektu PHIME byly sledovány hladiny olova, kadmia a rtuti v krvi 150 dětí (79 chlapců, 71 dívek) ve věku 5–12 let, žijících v oblastech s odlišnou zátěží z prostředí (Praha, Mníšek pod Brdy, Ostrava a Kašperské Hory). Hladiny olova v krvi dětí z Kašperských Hor vykazovaly vyšší hodnoty (medián 30 µg/l) v porovnání s dětmi z ostatních sledovaných lokalit (mediány 25, 25 a 24 µg/l). Hodnoty se shodovaly s výsledky biomonitoringu MZSO a nepřekračovaly limitní tolerovatelnou hodnotu 100 µg/l. Koncentrace kadmia v krvi dětí (v projektu PHIME i MZSO) je nízká a pohybuje se kolem hodnoty detekčního limitu 0,2 µg/l. Mediánové koncentrace rtuti v krvi dětí z projektu PHIME se pohybovaly v rozmezí 0,32–0,42 µg/l a jsou srovnatelné s výsledky MZSO (děti obdobného věku) z roku 2006 (0,40 µg/l) a z roku 2008 (0,30 µg/l). Nalezené výsledky nesignalizují zvýšenou zátěž sledované české dětské populace vybraným kovům. Hladiny olova vykazují postupně snižující trend. Získaná data doplňují existující časové řady a jsou významná pro srovnání dat na mezinárodní úrovni.
Biomonitoring as a tool for verification of population exposure to environmental toxic compounds and for health risk assessment is since 1994 an integral part of the Czech Environmental Health Monitoring System (MZSO). Since 2006, the Czech Republic, by means of National Institute of Public Health, has been taken part in the PHIME project (Public health impact of long-term, low-level mixed element exposure in susceptible population strata) of the 6th FP of EU. In this project, the levels of lead, cadmium and mercury have been examined in blood of 150 children (79 boys, 71 girls) aged 5–12 years, living in regions with different environmental pollution (Praha, Mníšek pod Brdy, Ostrava and Kašperské Hory). Blood lead levels of children from Kašperské Hory showed increased levels (median 30 µg/l) compared with the children from other regions (medians 25, 25 and 24 µg/l). These data correspond with the Czech Human Biomonitoring results (MZSO) and do not exceed the tolerable limit value of 100 µg/l. Blood cadmium levels were low and oscilated around the detection limit of 0.2 µg/l. Blood mercury levels (medians) ranged from 0.32 to 0.42 µg/l and are comparable with the MZSO results (children of similar age) from the year 2006 (0.40 µg/l) as well as 2008 (0.30 µg/l). The results did not indicate the increased exposure of the monitored Czech child population to selected toxic metals. Blood lead levels reflect a gradual downward trend. The obtained data complete the existing time-related trends and are important for international comparison.
In this paper an integrated approach in assessment of the population exposure from various sources of total mercury (THg) oral intake in the Czech Republic is presented. The information on total mercury levels in diet, drinking water, surface urban soil and body fluids and tissues stem from the Czech national Environmental Health Monitoring System (EHMS) operated since 1994. The THg concentration was determined by the special atomic absorption spectrophotometer AMA 254. The data on THg content in food from the sales network were collected in 12 cities. The estimated average dietary intake representing more than 95% of weight of usual diet composition ranged 1-2% of the JECFA/FAO WHO provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) value for total mercury (5 microg/kg b.w./week). Data on drinking water quality stem from the nationwide monitoring database. The content of THg in drinking water is generally low; only 0.2% of the Czech population supplied with drinking water from the distribution networks (total of 92% of the population) has a mercury intake from drinking water higher than 1% PTWI and not exceeding 5% PTWI. The estimation of potential mercury intake by unintentional consumption of soil in small children was based on THg content in surface soil of a total of 324 nursery schools in 24 cities and towns. Median value was 0.16 mg/kg. Human biomonitoring was performed in 9 Czech cities. In 2007, the mercury median values in blood of adults (N=412) were 0.85 and 0.89 microg/l in males and in females, respectively; urine median value in adults was 1.10 microg/g creatinine. In 2008, the blood median value in children (N=324) amounted to 0.35 microg/l; urine median value is 0.16 microg/g creatinine. In children's hair the median THg value was 0.18 microg/g. The correlation between fish consumption and blood THg levels was observed in both adults and children. Also the biomonitoring outputs did not reveal a substantial burden of the population.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza krev moč MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- obsah radioaktivních látek v organizmu MeSH
- půda MeSH
- rtuť analýza krev moč MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy chemie MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kadmium krev moč MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- olovo krev moč MeSH
- rtuť krev moč MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí analýza statistika a číselné údaje škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
V rámci biologického monitoringu byly v roce 2005 sledovány hladiny kadmia, olova, rtuti, mìdi, selenu a zinku v krvi a moèi dospìlé populace. Koncentrace kadmia v krvi kuøákù (medián) byla vyšší než u nekuøákù (1,30 vs. 0,50 μg/l). U žen byly nalezeny vyšší koncentrace kadmia v moèi ve srovnání s muži, u obou pohlaví byl pozorován vzestup hladin kadmia v moèi s vìkem. Koncentrace olova v krvi byly vyšší u mužù (35,4 μg/l) než u žen (26,6 μg/l) a stoupaly s vìkem. Koncentrace rtuti v krvi u mužù a žen byly 0,91 a 1,16 μg/l. Hladina selenu v krvi dospìlých byla 111 μg/l, hodnoty mìdi a zinku v krvi byly v normì a stabilizované. Muži mìli významnì nižší koncentrace mìdi v krvi ve srovnání se ženami neužívajícími a užívajícími orální antikoncepci (870 vs. 950 vs. 1305 μg/l).
In 2005 the concentrations of trace elements (cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, selenium, zinc) in blood and urine of adults were measured in the framework of the Biological Monitoring Project in the Czech Republic. Blood cadmium levels in adults were significantly influenced by smoking (medians 1.30 and 0.50 μg/l in smokers and non-smokers, respectively). The levels of cadmium in urine were higher in women than in men. Higher blood lead levels were observed in men (35,4 μg/l) in comparison to women (26,6 μg/l), plumbemia correlated with age. Blood mercury levels were 0.91 and 1.16 μg/l in men and women, respectively. Blood selenium levels were 111 μg/l. Blood copper and zinc levels are stabilized. Significantly lower blood copper levels were found in men in comparison with female non-users and users of oral contraception (870, 950 and 1305 μg/l, respectively).
- MeSH
- kadmium krev moč MeSH
- kontraceptiva orální MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měď krev moč MeSH
- olovo krev moč MeSH
- poruchy vyvolané užíváním tabáku MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- rozložení podle pohlaví MeSH
- rtuť krev moč MeSH
- selen krev moč MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- xenobiotika krev moč MeSH
- zinek krev moč MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- MeSH
- arsen krev moč škodlivé účinky MeSH
- biologické markery krev moč MeSH
- centrální nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kadmium krev moč škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ledviny účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rtuť krev moč škodlivé účinky MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH