urinary cell block
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OBJECTIVE: The methodology of cell blocks (CBs) has long been an integrated part of cytology. However, there are very few data on CBs derived from urine. Their main disadvantage is a lack of cellularity, which limits their broader clinical applicability. Factors affecting cellular adequacy in urine remain unclear. We assessed the impact of basic clinical and cytopathological factors on the adequacy of cellularity in urinary CBs. METHODS: Freshly voided urine was collected from 401 consecutive individuals. Of these, 167 patients were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma. The remaining 234 patients had various benign urological conditions. Papanicolaou classes were determined and CBs produced. Cellular adequacy was assigned to each CB (acellular, hypocellular, moderate cellularity, high cellularity), and moderately and highly cellular CBs were considered as adequate. Several factors were analysed to find any correlation with the adequacy of the cellularity. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, seven factors significantly correlated with the adequacy of the CBs. In the multivariate model, positive sediment (OR = 3.7), female sex (OR = 2.7), positive urinary cytology (OR = 2.6) and positive leucocyturia (OR = 2.1) were independent predictors of adequate cellularity. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the model were 65.0% and 77.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We determined four clinical and cytopathological factors which independently predict adequate cellularity in urinary CBs. Based on these results, several clinical situations have been proposed, in which the highest probability of adequate cellularity in urinary CBs can be achieved.
- MeSH
- cytodiagnostika metody MeSH
- karcinom z přechodných buněk diagnóza patologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- moč cytologie MeSH
- močový měchýř patologie MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře diagnóza patologie MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- urologické nádory diagnóza patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Immunocytochemistry has attained a marginal role in urology so far. Combining the morphological and immunophenotypical changes of the urothelial cells retrieved from urine is a logical approach. The study aimed to analyse the diagnostic potential of immunocytological staining in the detection of high-grade and low-grade urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: Freshly voided urine was collected from 152 consecutive individuals, cytology classes were determined and cell blocks produced. A total of 77 patients were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma and 75 patients had various benign urological conditions. Immunocytochemistry was performed using four antibodies: p53, MCM2, MCM5 and Ki-67. A diagnostic power to detect low grade and high-grade urothelial carcinoma was analysed for each antibody and their combinations with cytology. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between patients with low-grade tumours and control group. Antibodies p53 and Ki-67 slightly improved the sensitivity of urinary cytology while maintaining its specificity. The best negative predictive value was demonstrated in combinations of cytology and MCM5 (88.9%) and cytology, p53 and MCM5 (90.6%). In the diagnosis of high-grade tumours, all antibodies apart from MCM2 yielded better sensitivity and specificity than cytology alone (receiver operating characteristic curves: p53 = 0.853, MCM5 = 0.931, and Ki-67 = 0.895). Combined with cytology, the sensitivities went even higher for the cost of lower specificity. The best diagnostic performance was observed in the combination of MCM5 and Ki-67 (sensitivity = 96.2%; specificity = 80%). CONCLUSIONS: Immunocytochemistry with p53, MCM5 and Ki-67 antibodies can improve the diagnostic power of urinary cytology in the detection and follow-up of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma.
- MeSH
- antigen Ki-67 imunologie MeSH
- cytodiagnostika * MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MCM komplex, komponenta 2 imunologie MeSH
- moč cytologie MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 imunologie MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře diagnóza patologie MeSH
- proteiny buněčného cyklu imunologie MeSH
- protilátky nádorové imunologie MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Immunocytochemistry has attained a marginal role in urology so far. Combining the morphological and immunophenotypical changes of the urothelial cells retrieved from urine is a logical approach. The study aimed to analyse the diagnostic potential of immunocytological staining in the detection of high-grade and low-grade urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: Freshly voided urine was collected from 152 consecutive individuals, cytology classes were determined and cell blocks produced. A total of 77 patients were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma and 75 patients had various benign urological conditions. Immunocytochemistry was performed using four antibodies: p53, MCM2, MCM5 and Ki-67. A diagnostic power to detect low grade and high-grade urothelial carcinoma was analysed for each antibody and their combinations with cytology. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between patients with low-grade tumours and control group. Antibodies p53 and Ki-67 slightly improved the sensitivity of urinary cytology while maintaining its specificity. The best negative predictive value was demonstrated in combinations of cytology and MCM5 (88.9%) and cytology, p53 and MCM5 (90.6%). In the diagnosis of high-grade tumours, all antibodies apart from MCM2 yielded better sensitivity and specificity than cytology alone (receiver operating characteristic curves: p53 = 0.853, MCM5 = 0.931, and Ki-67 = 0.895). Combined with cytology, the sensitivities went even higher for the cost of lower specificity. The best diagnostic performance was observed in the combination of MCM5 and Ki-67 (sensitivity = 96.2%; specificity = 80%). CONCLUSIONS: Immunocytochemistry with p53, MCM5 and Ki-67 antibodies can improve the diagnostic power of urinary cytology in the detection and follow-up of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma.
- MeSH
- antigen Ki-67 * imunologie MeSH
- cytodiagnostika * MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- MCM komplex, komponenta 2 * imunologie MeSH
- moč * cytologie MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery metabolismus MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 * imunologie MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře * diagnóza patologie MeSH
- proteiny buněčného cyklu * imunologie MeSH
- protilátky nádorové * imunologie MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- stupeň nádoru MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Ureteroskopická biopsie představuje významnou součást diagnostiky tumorů horních cest močových. Jak bylo prokázáno, alternativní modality jako rozbor moči a zobrazovací vyšetření s aplikací kontrastní látky neumožňují stanovení přesné diagnózy. Pro vyšetření příslušné části horních cest močových je vhodné užívat systematickou „no touch“ (tj. minimálně invazivní) ureteroskopickou techniku. Nejúčinněji lze biopsii odebrat pomocí košíčku s plochými dráty nebo pomocí bioptických kleští. Použití kartáčku neumožňuje získat adekvátní vzorek. Všechny vzorky je nutné co nejrychleji odeslat čerstvé, uložené v normálním fyziologickém roztoku na cytopatologické vyšetření. Vzorky jsou následně připraveny pomocí cytospinu a v případě, že je přítomen jakýkoli makroskopicky viditelný vzorek tkáně, jsou připraveny rovněž parafinové cytologické bločky. Tyto ureteroskopické a cytopatologické techniky napomáhají stanovit přesnou diagnózu a následně zvolit vhodnou léčbu.
Ureteroscopic biopsy is an essential step in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract tumors. Alternative moda - lities including voided urine and contrast imaging have proven inaccurate for diagnosis. Systematic “no touch” ureteroscopic techniques should be used to survey the involved upper tract. Tumor biopsy may be most efficiently performed with a flat wire basket or cup forceps. Brushes do not provide an adequate sample. All specimens should be delivered fresh in normal saline to the Cytopathology laboratory as soon as possible for tissue preservation. Samples are then prepared using the Cytospin technique, and a cell block is also prepared if any macroscopically visible tissue is present.
- Klíčová slova
- močovod, tumor,
- MeSH
- biologie buňky MeSH
- biopsie metody přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- cytologie MeSH
- endoskopie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močové ústrojí MeSH
- nádory močovodu diagnóza MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
- ureteroskopie metody MeSH
- ureteroskopy využití MeSH
- urologické nádory diagnóza MeSH
- urotel MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Hlavní stanovisko práce: Studie se zabývá využitím imunocytochemie jako doplňkového vyšetření k močové cytologii. Předkládáme výsledky korelace exprese vybraných imunohistochemických markerů ve tkáni a cytobloku u pacientů s uroteliálním karcinomem močového měchýře. Cíl: Cílem studie je ověřit, zda koreluje exprese vybraných imunochemických markerů v bioptickém a cytologickém materiálu u pacientů s uroteliálním karcinomem močového měchýře. Materiál a metodika: U 77 pacientů (25 s diagnózou low‑grade uroteliálního karcinomu, 52 s diagnózou high‑grade uroteliálního karcinomu) jsme provedli imunochemické vyšetření vybraných protilátek Ki-67, MCM2, MCM5 a p53 ve tkáňových řezech z resekátu nádoru a v řezech z cytobloků z moči odebrané před chirurgickým výkonem. Porovnávali jsme míru exprese uvedených markerů ve tkáni a cytobloku každého pacienta. Výsledky: Zjistili jsme signifikantní rozdíly v expresi všech zkoumaných markerů mezi low ‑grade a high‑grade uroteliálními karcinomy, a to jak v tkáňových řezech, tak v řezech z cytobloků. U všech markerů jsme prokázali korelaci exprese ve tkáňovém řezu s expresí v cytobloku. Závěr: Imunocytochemické vyšetření materiálu z adekvátně buněčného cytobloku má obdobnou výpovědní hodnotu jako imunohistochemické vyšetření nádorové tkáně.
Major statement: The study deals with immunocytochemistry as an additional method to urinary cytology examination. We present the correlation of selected immunochemical markers expression in tissues and cell blocks in patients with urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Aim: The aim of the study is to verify whether expression of selected immunochemical markers in tumor tissue of patients with urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma correlates with expression in cytology (cell block) material. Material and methods: In 77 patients (25 with low‑grade urothelial carcinoma, 52 with high‑grade carcinoma) we performed the immunochemical examination of Ki-67, MCM2, MCM5 and p53 markers in tumor tissues and cell blocks from urine collected before surgical resection. Thereafter we correlated the expression rate of each marker in tissue specimen and cell block in every patient. Results: There were significant differences in expression of all examined markers between low‑grade and high‑grade urothalial carcinomas in tissue specimens and cell blocks. Expression of all markers in tissue specimens correlated with expression in cell blocks. Conclusion: Immunocytochemical examination of material retrieved from cell block with adequate cellularity has similar value as immunohistochemical examination of tumor tissue.
- MeSH
- cytodiagnostika * metody MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- imunohistochemie metody MeSH
- karcinom z přechodných buněk * diagnóza moč MeSH
- klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- moč cytologie MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery analýza MeSH
- nádory močového měchýře * diagnóza moč MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Currently, we have assessed the neuronal control of the urinary bladder in radiation cystitis and whether interstitial cells contribute to the condition. Fourteen days after bladder irradiation (20 Gy), rats were sedated and the urinary bladder was cut into two sagittal halves where electrical field stimulation (EFS; 5-20 Hz) was applied on the pelvic nerve afferents or stretch (80 mN) on one-half of the bladder, while contractions were registered on the contralateral half of the bladder in the absence and presence of increasing doses of imatinib (1-10 mg/kg; inhibitor of c-kit-positive interstitial cells), atropine (1 mg/kg; to block muscarinic M3 receptors), or pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (2 mg/kg; P2X1 purinoceptor antagonist). Urinary bladders were also excised for organ bath experiments, Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. In vivo, EFS contractions were enhanced after irradiation, and imatinib (1-10 mg/mg) inhibited contractions by EFS and stretched dose-dependently in controls but not in irradiated bladders. In the irradiated bladder in vitro, atropine resistance was increased and imatinib (100 µM) inhibited contractions by EFS and agonists (ATP, methacholine) in irradiated bladders and controls. The urinary bladder expressions of P2X1 purinoceptors, muscarinic M3 receptor, choline acetyltransferase, c-kit, and the agonist of c-kit, stem cell factor, were not changed by irradiation. In conclusion, bladder irradiation affects several levels of neuronal control of the urinary bladder. Interstitial cells may contribute to some of the symptoms associated with radiation cystitis.
- MeSH
- cystitida patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- močový měchýř patologie patofyziologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- neurony patologie MeSH
- svalová kontrakce MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Several lines of evidence suggest that in mice the activation of SMAD2/3 signaling by oocyte secreted factors, together with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, is essential to induce cumulus expansion. Here we show that inhibition of EGFR kinase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated porcine oocyte-cumulus cell complex (OCCs) strongly decreases hyaluronan (HA) synthesis and its retention in the matrix, as well as progesterone synthesis. Although porcine cumulus cells undergo expansion independently of oocytes, we use biochemical and gene expression analyses to show that they do require activation of SMAD2/3 for optimal stimulation of HA synthesis and proteins involved in the organization of this polymer in the expanded matrix. Furthermore, FSH-induced progesterone synthesis by porcine cumulus cells was increased by blocking SMAD2/3 activation. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that an FSH-EGF autocrine loop is active in porcine OCCs, and provide the first evidence that the SMAD2/3 signaling pathway is induced by paracrine/autocrine factors in porcine cumulus cells and is involved in the control of both cumulus expansion and steroidogenesis.
- MeSH
- benzamidy farmakologie MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein metabolismus MeSH
- chinazoliny farmakologie MeSH
- dioxoly farmakologie MeSH
- epidermální růstový faktor metabolismus MeSH
- erbB receptory antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- folikuly stimulující hormon metabolismus MeSH
- glukuronosyltransferasa antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- isochinoliny farmakologie MeSH
- kumulární buňky metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová biosyntéza MeSH
- meióza účinky léků MeSH
- molekuly buněčné adheze antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oocyty enzymologie fyziologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- progesteron biosyntéza MeSH
- protein Smad2 antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- protein Smad3 antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- pyridiny farmakologie MeSH
- pyrroly farmakologie MeSH
- sérový amyloidový protein metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- tyrphostiny farmakologie MeSH
- vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické faktory fyziologie MeSH
- blokátory kalciových kanálů farmakologie MeSH
- epidermální růstový faktor farmakologie fyziologie MeSH
- granulocyty fyziologie sekrece MeSH
- ovariální folikul fyziologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- progesteron biosyntéza sekrece MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Farmakoterapie je metodou první volby v léčbě hyperaktivního močového měchýře a urgentní inkontinence. Léky účinkují pomocí vazby aktivní lékové látky na buněčné a nervové receptory. Touto vazbou ovlivní cílový orgán. Většina receptorů je zastoupená v různě velkém množství v rozdílných orgánech a orgánových systémech. Následkem toho podávaný lék ovlivňuje současně více orgánových systémů, což vede ke vzniku žádoucího i nežádoucího efektu.
Pharmacotherapy is the first line therapy in the treatment of the overactive bladder and the urgent incontinence. It effects thru the active substance or the metabolite on the cell or neuronal receptor. This receptor's bind induces target organ. Many organs have same types of the receptors. That is the reason, why one medicament operates on different organs. That leads to eligible and ineligible effect.
- Klíčová slova
- nežádoucí účinky,
- MeSH
- botulotoxiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- cholinergní antagonisté farmakologie škodlivé účinky MeSH
- farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- hormony škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- hyperaktivní močový měchýř farmakoterapie MeSH
- inkontinence moči klasifikace MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- močový měchýř účinky léků MeSH
- parasympatolytika škodlivé účinky MeSH
- urgentní inkontinence farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
How the proliferation of the urothelium is regulated is known to a little degree. E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the innate immune response of the urinary bladder via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the urothelium but induces also urothelial proliferation. We wanted to assess whether muscarinic receptors are involved in the regulation of urothelial proliferation triggered by LPS stimulation. Female Fischer 344 rats were instilled with LPS or saline (control) in the urinary bladder in the absence or presence of muscarinic receptor blockade with atropine and regeneration of the urothelium was assessed 4h and 24h later. In the Fischer 344 bladder, urothelial thinning and urothelial caspase 3 up-regulation occurred at 4h after LPS urinary bladder instillation, which were totally blocked in rats pre-treated with atropine. TLR4 was only expressed in blood vessels in the Fischer 344 bladder, while it was also expressed in umbrella cells in the Sprague-Dawley bladder. Proliferation (Ki67 incorporation) of the human urothelial cell line UROtsa was reduced in the presence of the muscarinic receptor antagonists methoctramine (M2/M4-selective) and pirenzepine (M1/M4-selective), while proliferation instead was enhanced in the presence of atropine. In UROtsa cells exposed to LPS for 24h, 4-DAMP (M3/M1/M5-selective) inhibited instead proliferation. In conclusion, muscarinic receptors regulate urothelial proliferation and LPS may induce urothelial apoptosis via muscarinic receptor-dependent pathways. Our findings also suggest that species differences exist in the expressional pattern of TLR4 in the urothelium.
- MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- atropin farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cholinergní látky farmakologie MeSH
- diaminy farmakologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli imunologie MeSH
- kaspasa 3 metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipopolysacharidy imunologie MeSH
- pirenzepin farmakologie MeSH
- potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
- potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- přirozená imunita MeSH
- proliferace buněk MeSH
- receptory muskarinové metabolismus MeSH
- toll-like receptor 4 metabolismus MeSH
- urotel patologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH