Východiská: Na význam stresu pri nádorových chorobách poukazovali lekári už od čias Galéna. Avšak až v posledných dvoch desaťročiach umožnil kombinovaný onkologický a neurovedný výskum exaktne preskúmať tento vzťah a popísať dráhy a mechanizmy, ktoré sprostredkúvajú stimulačný vplyv stresu na nádorový proces. Tento nepriaznivý účinok stresu je sprostredkovaný hlavne mediátormi sympatikoadrenálneho systému, noradrenalínom a adrenalínom. Tieto katecholamíny aktiváciou adrenergických receptorov v nádorovom mikro- a makroprostredí stimulujú proliferáciu nádorových buniek a neoangiogenézu a inhibujú protinádorovú imunitu a znižujú účinnosť štandardnej protinádorovej liečby. Zistilo sa tiež, že intervencie obmedzujúce pôsobenie stresu na organizmus nie len že zlepšujú kvalitu života onkologických pacientov, ale môžu zlepšovať aj ich prežívanie. Vzhľadom na komplexnosť vplyvu stresu na organizmus sa experimentálne a klinické štúdie v prevažnej väčšine zameriavajú na skúmanie účinku jednej intervencie obmedzujúcej stimulačný vplyv sympatikoadrenálneho systému na nádorový proces. Cieľ: Zámerom tohto názorového článku je poukázať na možnosť synergického účinku kombinácie viacerých intervencií obmedzujúcich aktiváciu sympatikoadrenálneho systému a na základe dostupných údajov navrhnúť takú kombináciu týchto intervencií, ktorá je aplikovateľná v podpornej liečbe onkologických pacientov už aj v súčasnosti. Záver: Protokol Synergy, ktorý zahŕňa nefarmakologické intervencie zamerané na obmedzenie pôsobenia stresu, má potenciál zlepšiť kvalitu života a u určitých pacientov aj prognózu ich choroby. Zavedenie tohto protokolu do bežnej klinickej praxe síce bude vyžadovať vyriešenie personálnych a finančných aspektov, ktoré s jeho implikáciou súvisia, výsledkom ale môže byť významné zvýšenie úrovne starostlivosti o onkologických pacientov.
Background: The importance of stress in cancer has been noted by physicians since the time of Galen. However, it is only in the last two decades that combined oncological and neuroscientific research has allowed to explore this relationship in an exact way and to describe the pathways and mechanisms that mediate the stimulatory effect of stress on cancer. This adverse effect of stress is mediated mainly by the mediators of the sympathoadrenal system, norepinephrine and epinephrine, which, by activating adrenergic receptors in the tumor micro- and macro-environment, stimulate tumor cell proliferation and neoangiogenesis and inhibit antitumor immunity, reducing the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. It has also been found that interventions reducing the effects of stress on the body not only improve the quality of life of cancer patients but may also improve their survival. Given the complexity of the impact of stress on the organism, experimental and clinical studies have overwhelmingly focused on investigating the effect of a single intervention reducing the stimulatory influence of the sympathoadrenal system on the cancer process. Purpose: The aim of this opinion article is to highlight the possibility of a synergistic effect of a combination of several interventions limiting the activation of the sympathoadrenal system and, based on the available data, to propose a combination of these interventions that is applicable in the supportive treatment of cancer patients even nowadays. Conclusion: The Protocol Synergy, which includes non-pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing the effects of stress on the cancer patient, has the potential to improve the quality and, in certain patients, the prognosis of their disease. Although the introduction of this protocol into routine clinical practice will require addressing the personnel and financial aspects associated with its implementation, it has the potential to significantly improve the level of care for cancer patients.
- MeSH
- beta blokátory terapeutické užití MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- klinické protokoly * MeSH
- kvalita života psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory * etiologie psychologie MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- psychický stres * MeSH
- psychoterapie metody MeSH
- relaxační terapie MeSH
- srdeční frekvence MeSH
- svépomocné skupiny MeSH
- sympatoadrenální systém MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: The association between nonoptimal temperatures and cardiovascular mortality risk is recognized. However, a comprehensive global assessment of this burden is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess global cardiovascular mortality burden attributable to nonoptimal temperatures and investigate spatiotemporal trends. METHODS: Using daily cardiovascular deaths and temperature data from 32 countries, a 3-stage analytical approach was applied. First, location-specific temperature-mortality associations were estimated, considering nonlinearity and delayed effects. Second, a multivariate meta-regression model was developed between location-specific effect estimates and 5 meta-predictors. Third, cardiovascular deaths associated with nonoptimal, cold, and hot temperatures for each global grid (55 km × 55 km resolution) were estimated, and temporal trends from 2000 to 2019 were explored. RESULTS: Globally, 1,801,513 (95% empirical CI: 1,526,632-2,202,831) annual cardiovascular deaths were associated with nonoptimal temperatures, constituting 8.86% (95% empirical CI: 7.51%-12.32%) of total cardiovascular mortality corresponding to 26 deaths per 100,000 population. Cold-related deaths accounted for 8.20% (95% empirical CI: 6.74%-11.57%), whereas heat-related deaths accounted for 0.66% (95% empirical CI: 0.49%-0.98%). The mortality burden varied significantly across regions, with the highest excess mortality rates observed in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. From 2000 to 2019, cold-related excess death ratios decreased, while heat-related ratios increased, resulting in an overall decline in temperature-related deaths. Southeastern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Oceania observed the greatest reduction, while Southern Asia experienced an increase. The Americas and several regions in Asia and Europe displayed fluctuating temporal patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Nonoptimal temperatures substantially contribute to cardiovascular mortality, with heterogeneous spatiotemporal patterns. Effective mitigation and adaptation strategies are crucial, especially given the increasing heat-related cardiovascular deaths amid climate change.
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * mortalita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Silicea AKH,
- MeSH
- homeopatie * metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- materia medica MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy terapie MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- populární práce MeSH
Winter provides many challenges for terrestrial arthropods, including low temperatures and decreased food availability. Most arthropods are dormant in the winter and resume activity when conditions are favorable, but a select few species remain active during winter. Winter activity is thought to provide a head start on spring growth and reproduction, but few studies have explicitly tested this idea or investigated tradeoffs associated with winter activity. Here, we detail biochemical changes in overwintering winter-active wolf spiders, Schizocosa stridulans, to test the hypothesis that winter activity promotes growth and energy balance. We also quantified levels of putative cryoprotectants throughout winter to test the prediction that winter activity is incompatible with biochemical adaptations for coping with extreme cold. Body mass of juveniles increased 3.5-fold across winter, providing empirical evidence that winter activity promotes growth and therefore advancement of spring reproduction. While spiders maintained protein content throughout most of the winter, lipid content decreased steadily, suggesting either a lack of available prey to maintain lipids, or more likely, an allometric shift in body composition as spiders grew larger. Carbohydrate content showed no clear seasonal trend but also tended to be higher at the beginning of the winter. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that winter activity is incompatible with cryoprotectant accumulation. However, we observed accumulation of glycerol, myo-inositol, and several other cryoprotectants, although levels were lower than those typically observed in overwintering arthropods. Together, our results indicate that winter-active wolf spiders grow during the winter, and while cryoprotectant accumulation was observed in the winter, the modest levels relative to other species could make them susceptible to extreme winter events.
- MeSH
- energetický metabolismus * MeSH
- fyziologická adaptace MeSH
- glycerol analýza MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- inositol analýza MeSH
- kryoprotektivní látky analýza MeSH
- lipidy analýza MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pavouci růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- proteiny analýza MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- rozmnožování MeSH
- sacharidy analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Silné působení vysokých teplot přímo na kůži vede k popálení. Podobné změny však může vyvolat ionizující a sluneční ozáření. Tomu lze zabránit účinnou fotoprotekcí. Delší působení mírného tepla vede ke vzniku liveda. Silný mráz vyvolá omrzliny. Expozice nízké teplotě po delší dobu pak oznobeniny.
High temperatures applied directly on the skin surface for a sufficient amount of time cause thermal burns. Similar damage in skin can be induced by ionising and solar irradiation. Protective measures could prevent both of them. Contact with high temperature for a long period of time provokes livedo (erythema ab igne). Low or freezing temperatures cause frostbites. Exposition to lower temperatures for a long period of time induces perniones.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- erytém diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- fyziologie kůže MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- omrzliny etiologie terapie MeSH
- oznobeniny etiologie komplikace MeSH
- popálení * diagnóza etiologie klasifikace MeSH
- přípravky chránící proti slunci terapeutické užití MeSH
- sluneční spáleniny * klasifikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- ultrafialové záření škodlivé účinky MeSH
- úpal etiologie terapie MeSH
- úžeh etiologie terapie MeSH
- vysoká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of different water immersion temperatures on handgrip performance and haemodynamic changes in the forearm flexors of males and females. Twenty-nine rock-climbers performed three repeated intermittent handgrip contractions to failure with 20 min recovery on three separate laboratory visits. For each visit, a randomly assigned recovery strategy was applied: cold water immersion (CWI) at 8 °C (CW8), 15 °C (CW15) or passive recovery (PAS). While handgrip performance significantly decreased in the subsequent trials for the PAS (p < 0.05), there was a significant increase in time to failure for the second and third trial for CW15 and in the second trial for CW8; males having greater performance improvement (44%) after CW15 than females (26%). The results indicate that CW15 was a more tolerable and effective recovery strategy than CW8 and the same CWI protocol may lead to different recovery in males and females.
- MeSH
- cvičení fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kryoterapie metody MeSH
- kyslík fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ponoření MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- síla ruky fyziologie MeSH
- svalová kontrakce fyziologie MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
The transport of end-of-lay hens for slaughter presents a particular cause for concern in relation to hen welfare due to their less robust condition. During the period of 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2017, 17,436,074 end-of-lay hens transported for slaughter in 3,144 consignments were monitored, i.e., all hens transported from Czech farms to slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic in the monitored period. The overall mortality of hens during transport for slaughter was 0.516%. A significant (P < 0.05) impact of outside temperature and month of the year on transport-related mortality was found. Lower outside temperature was connected with the increased hen mortality and vice versa. Correspondingly, more deaths of end-of-lay hens occurred in the cold winter months of January (0.717%) and December (0.695%); on the contrary, the lowest death rates were recorded in August (0.364%). Differences were also found when comparing transport-related mortality rates according to the transport distance. The lowest mortality (0.338%) was found in hens transported for distances up to 50 km; longer distances were associated with increasing (P < 0.05) death rates, with the greatest losses (0.801%) recorded for distances from 201 to 300 km. These findings document the need for increased care for end-of-lay hens during their transport for slaughter in the winter at lower outside transport temperatures, in particular below 0°C (e.g., by adequate temperature regulation in the means of transport), and of hens transported over longer distances (if the transport distance cannot be reduced).
- MeSH
- chov zvířat MeSH
- dlouhověkost * MeSH
- doprava * MeSH
- jatka * MeSH
- kur domácí * MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pohoda zvířat * MeSH
- psychologický odstup MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- fibrinogeny abnormální metabolismus MeSH
- kryoglobulinemie * klasifikace patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- kryoglobuliny imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nízká teplota škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Raynaudova nemoc * etiologie patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
