Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular biopolymers that microorganisms use for energy and carbon storage. They are mechanically similar to petrochemical plastics when chemically extracted, but are completely biodegradable. While they have potential as a replacement for petrochemical plastics, their high production cost using traditional carbon sources remains a significant challenge. One potential solution is to modify heterotrophic PHA-producing strains to utilize alternative carbon sources. An alternative approach is to utilize methylotrophic or autotrophic strains. This article provides an overview of bacterial strains employed for PHA production, with a particular focus on those exhibiting the highest PHA content in dry cell mass. The strains are organized according to their carbon source utilization, encompassing autotrophy (utilizing CO2, CO) and methylotrophy (utilizing reduced single-carbon substrates) to heterotrophy (utilizing more traditional and alternative substrates).
- MeSH
- Bacteria * metabolismus MeSH
- polyhydroxyalkanoáty * biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
An ever-growing body of literature evidences the protective role of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) against a plethora of mostly physical stressors in prokaryotic cells. To date, most of the research done involved bacterial strains isolated from habitats not considered to be life-challenging or extremely impacted by abiotic environmental factors. Polar region microorganisms experience a multitude of damaging factors in combinations rarely seen in other of Earth's environments. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation was to examine the role of PHAs in the adaptation of psychrophilic, Arctic-derived bacteria to stress conditions. Arctic PHA producers: Acidovorax sp. A1169 and Collimonas sp. A2191, were chosen and their genes involved in PHB metabolism were deactivated making them unable to accumulate PHAs (ΔphaC) or to utilize them (Δi-phaZ) as a carbon source. Varying stressors were applied to the wild-type and the prepared mutant strains and their survival rates were assessed based on CFU count. Wild-type strains with a functional PHA metabolism were best suited to survive the freeze-thaw cycle - a common feature of polar region habitats. However, the majority of stresses were best survived by the ΔphaC mutants, suggesting that the biochemical imbalance caused by the lack of PHAs induced a permanent cell-wide stress response thus causing them to better withstand the stressor application. Δi-phaZ mutants were superior in surviving UV irradiation, hinting that PHA granule presence in bacterial cells is beneficial despite it being biologically inaccessible. Obtained data suggests that the ability to metabolize PHA although important for survival, probably is not the most crucial mechanism in the stress-resistance strategies arsenal of cold-loving bacteria. KEY POINTS: • PHA metabolism helps psychrophiles survive freezing • PHA-lacking psychrophile mutants cope better with oxidative and heat stresses • PHA granule presence enhances the UV resistance of psychrophiles.
- MeSH
- Bacteria metabolismus MeSH
- polyhydroxyalkanoáty * metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Trypanosoma brucei is a causative agent of the Human and Animal African Trypanosomiases. The mammalian stage parasites infect various tissues and organs including the bloodstream, central nervous system, skin, adipose tissue and lungs. They rely on ATP produced in glycolysis, consuming large amounts of glucose, which is readily available in the mammalian host. In addition to glucose, glycerol can also be used as a source of carbon and ATP and as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. However, the physiological relevance of glycerol-fed gluconeogenesis for the mammalian-infective life cycle forms remains elusive. To demonstrate its (in)dispensability, first we must identify the enzyme(s) of the pathway. Loss of the canonical gluconeogenic enzyme, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, does not abolish the process hence at least one other enzyme must participate in gluconeogenesis in trypanosomes. Using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and RNA interference, we generated mutants for four enzymes potentially capable of contributing to gluconeogenesis: fructose-1,6-bisphoshatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, phosphofructokinase and transaldolase, alone or in various combinations. Metabolomic analyses revealed that flux through gluconeogenesis was maintained irrespective of which of these genes were lost. Our data render unlikely a previously hypothesised role of a reverse phosphofructokinase reaction in gluconeogenesis and preclude the participation of a novel biochemical pathway involving transaldolase in the process. The sustained metabolic flux in gluconeogenesis in our mutants, including a triple-null strain, indicates the presence of a unique enzyme participating in gluconeogenesis. Additionally, the data provide new insights into gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and improve the current understanding of carbon metabolism of the mammalian-infective stages of T. brucei.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfát metabolismus MeSH
- fosfofruktokinasy metabolismus MeSH
- glukoneogeneze * genetika MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- glycerol metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- savci MeSH
- transaldolasa metabolismus MeSH
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Soils play an important role in the ecosystem of karstic landscapes both as a buffer zone and as a source of acidity to belowground water. Although the microbiota of karstic soils is known to have a great effect on karstification processes, the activity and composition of these communities are largely unknown. This study gives a comparative analysis of soil microbial profiles from different parts of a doline located at Aggtelek, Hungary. The aim was to reveal the relationships between the vegetation type and genetic fingerprints and substrate utilisation (multi-SIR) profiles of the soil microbiota. Soil samples were collected in early and late springs along a transect in a doline covered with different types of vegetation. Genetic fingerprints of bacterial communities were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on the 16S rRNA gene, along with multi-SIR profiles of the microbial communities measured by the MicroResp method using 15 different carbon sources. Genetic fingerprinting indicated that vegetation cover had a strong effect on the composition of soil bacterial communities. Procrustean analysis showed only a weak connection between DGGE and multi-SIR profiles, probably due to the high functional redundancy of the communities. Seasonality had a significant effect on substrate usage, which can be an important factor to consider in future studies.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika metabolismus MeSH
- denaturační gradientová gelová elektroforéza MeSH
- geologické jevy MeSH
- mikrobiota fyziologie MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- veřejné parky * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Maďarsko MeSH
Due to insufficient amount of soluble phosphate and poor persistence of traditional chemical phosphate fertilizers in agricultural soils, the eco-friendly and sustainable phosphorus sources for crops are urgently required. The efficient phosphate-releasing fungal strain designated y2 was isolated and identified by the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA as Penicillium oxalicum y2. When lecithin, Ca3(PO4)2, or ground phosphate rock were separately used as sole phosphorus source, different phosphate-releasing modes were observed. The strain y2 was able to release as high as 2090 mg/L soluble phosphate within 12 days of incubation with Ca3(PO4)2 as sole phosphorus source. In the culture solution, high concentration of oxalic, citric, and malic acids and high phosphatase activity were detected. The organic acids contributed to solubilizing inorganic phosphate sources, while phosphatase was in charge of the mineralization of organic phosphorus lecithin. Afterwards, the fungus culture was applied to the soil with rape growing. During 50 days of incubation, the soil's available phosphate concentration increased by three times compared with the control, the dry weight of rape increased by 78.73%, and the root length increased by 38.79%. The results illustrated that P. oxalicum y2 possessed both abilities of solubilizing inorganic phosphorus and mineralizing organic phosphorus, which have great potential application in providing biofertilizer for modern agriculture.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- Brassica napus růst a vývoj MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fosfatasy metabolismus MeSH
- fosfáty metabolismus farmakokinetika MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kyseliny karboxylové metabolismus MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- Penicillium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Fungal metabolic carbon acquisition and its subsequent partitioning between biomass production and respiration, i.e. the carbon-use efficiency (CUE), are central parameters in biogeochemical modeling. However, current available techniques for estimating these parameters are all associated with practical and theoretical shortcomings, making assessments unreliable. Gene expression analyses hold the prospect of phenotype prediction by indirect means, providing new opportunities to obtain information about metabolic priorities. We cultured four different fungal isolates (Chalara longipes, Laccaria bicolor, Serpula lacrymans and Trichoderma harzianum) in liquid media with contrasting nitrogen availability and measured growth rates and respiration to calculate CUE. By relating gene expression markers to measured carbon fluxes, we identified genes coding for 1,3-β-glucan synthase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase as suitable markers for growth and respiration, respectively, capturing both intraspecific variation as well as within-strain variation dependent on growth medium. A transcript index based on these markers correlated significantly with differences in CUE between the fungal isolates. Our study paves the way for the use of these markers to assess differences in growth, respiration and CUE in natural fungal communities, using metatranscriptomic or the RT-qPCR approach.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Basidiomycota genetika MeSH
- biologické markery * analýza MeSH
- fungální proteiny * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- houby * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Hypocreales genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Laccaria genetika metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom * MeSH
- Trichoderma genetika metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Trichodesmium is an important dinitrogen (N2)-fixing cyanobacterium in marine ecosystems. Recent nucleic acid analyses indicate that Trichodesmium colonies with their diverse epibionts support various nitrogen (N) transformations beyond N2 fixation. However, rates of these transformations and concentration gradients of N compounds in Trichodesmium colonies remain largely unresolved. We combined isotope-tracer incubations, micro-profiling and numeric modelling to explore carbon fixation, N cycling processes as well as oxygen, ammonium and nitrate concentration gradients in individual field-sampled Trichodesmium colonies. Colonies were net-autotrophic, with carbon and N2 fixation occurring mostly during the day. Ten percent of the fixed N was released as ammonium after 12-h incubations. Nitrification was not detectable but nitrate consumption was high when nitrate was added. The consumed nitrate was partly reduced to ammonium, while denitrification was insignificant. Thus, the potential N transformation network was characterised by fixed N gain and recycling processes rather than denitrification. Oxygen concentrations within colonies were ~60-200% air-saturation. Moreover, our modelling predicted steep concentration gradients, with up to 6-fold higher ammonium concentrations, and nitrate depletion in the colony centre compared to the ambient seawater. These gradients created a chemically heterogeneous microenvironment, presumably facilitating diverse microbial metabolisms in millimetre-sized Trichodesmium colonies.
- MeSH
- amoniové sloučeniny metabolismus MeSH
- autotrofní procesy MeSH
- denitrifikace MeSH
- dusičnany metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fixace dusíku MeSH
- koloběh dusíku MeSH
- koloběh uhlíku MeSH
- kyslík metabolismus MeSH
- mořská voda mikrobiologie MeSH
- nitrifikace MeSH
- oxid uhličitý metabolismus MeSH
- Trichodesmium metabolismus MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Peatlands are one of the most important ecosystems due to their biodiversity and abundant organic compounds; therefore, it is important to observe how different plant species in peatlands react to changing environmental conditions. Sphagnum spp. are the main component of peatlands and are considered as the creator of conditions favorable for carbon storage in the form of peat. Sphagnum angustifolium and Sphagnum fallax are taxonomically very close species. To examine their adaptability to climate change, we studied the morphology and pigment content of these two species from environmental manipulation sites in Poland, where the environment was continuously manipulated for temperature and precipitation. The warming of peat was induced by using infrared heaters, whereas total precipitation was reduced by a curtain that cuts the nighttime precipitation. Morphology of S. angustifolium stayed under climate manipulation relatively stable. However, the main morphological parameters of S. fallax were significantly affected by precipitation reduction. Thus, this study indicates S. angustifolium is better adapted in comparison to S. fallax for drier and warmer conditions.
The combination of different nanomaterials has been investigated during the past few decades and represents an exciting challenge for the unexpected emerging properties of the resulting nano-hybrids. Spermidine (Spd), a biogenic polyamine, has emerged as a useful functional monomer for the development of carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Herein, an electrostatically stabilized ternary hybrid, constituted of iron oxide-DNA (the core) and spermidine carbon quantum dots (CQDSpds, the shell), was self-assembled and fully characterized. The as-obtained nano-hybrid was tested on HeLa cells to evaluate its biocompatibility as well as cellular uptake. Most importantly, besides being endowed by the magnetic features of the core, it displayed drastically enhanced fluorescence properties in comparison with parent CQDSpds and it is efficiently internalized by HeLa cells. This novel ternary nano-hybrid with multifaceted properties, ranging from fluorescence to superparamagnetism, represents an interesting option for cell tracking.
- MeSH
- biotechnologie MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- HeLa buňky MeSH
- kvantové tečky chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanostruktury chemie MeSH
- polyaminy chemie metabolismus MeSH
- statická elektřina MeSH
- uhlík chemie metabolismus MeSH
- železité sloučeniny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Research efforts directed to elucidation of mechanisms behind trading of resources between the partners in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis have seen a considerable progress in the recent years. Yet, despite of the recent developments, some key questions still remain unanswered. For example, it is well established that the strictly biotrophic AM fungus releases phosphorus to- and receives carbon molecules from the plant symbiont, but the particular genes, and their products, responsible for facilitating this exchange, are still not fully described, nor are the principles and pathways of their regulation. Here, we made a de novo quest for genes involved in carbon transfer from the plant to the fungus using genome-wide gene expression array targeting whole root and whole shoot gene expression profiles of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula plants grown in a glasshouse. Using physiological intervention of heavy shading (90% incoming light removed) and the correlation of expression levels of MtPT4, the mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter operating at the symbiotic interface between the root cortical cells and the AM fungus, and our candidate genes, we demonstrate that several novel genes may be involved in resource tradings in the AM symbiosis established by M. truncatula. These include glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, polyol/monosaccharide transporter, DUR3-like, nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase or a putative membrane transporter. Besides, we also examined the expression of other M. truncatula phosphate transporters (MtPT1-3, MtPT5-6) to gain further insights in the balance between the "direct" and the "mycorrhizal" phosphate uptake pathways upon colonization of roots by the AM fungus, as affected by short-term carbon/energy deprivation. In addition, the role of the novel candidate genes in plant cell metabolism is discussed based on available literature.
- MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- Medicago truncatula genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- metabolické sítě a dráhy MeSH
- mykorhiza genetika fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvenování exomu MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
