Význam výživy pro lidské zdraví a její vliv na vznik a průběh mnohých onemocnění je dnes považován za prokázaný. Teprve však nedávný rozvoj biochemických a molekulárně biologických metod umožňuje detailněji objasnit mechanizmy působení jednotlivých složek stravy a následné ovlivnění homeostatických procesů ve zdraví i nemoci. Znalost sekvence lidského genomu spolu se sekvencemi genomů modelových organizmů v kombinaci s funkčně a integrativně genomickými přístupy systémové biologie otevírají možnosti identifikace alel a haplotypů, které u disponovaných jedinců zodpovídají za specifickou odpověď na nutriční ovlivnění. Takovými komplexními interakcemi mezi genomem a dietou se zabývá nově vzniklý obor, nutriční genomika. Pomocí nástrojů vysoce paralelní analýzy transkriptomu, proteomu a metabolomu směřuje nutriční genomika ke koncepci individualizované výživy, která by respektovala nejen kvantitativní a kvalitativní potřeby výživy a aktuální zdravotní stav, ale i genetické dispozice jedince. Cílem tohoto přístupu je zabránit vzniku řady onemocnění, jako je obezita, hypertenze či diabetes 2. typu, případně přispět k jejich efektivnější terapii.
The importance of nutrition for human health and its influence on the onset and course of many diseases are nowadays considered as proven. Only the recent development of molecular biology and biochemical methods allows the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of diet constituent actions and their subsequent effect on homeostatic mechanisms in health and disease states. The availability of the draft human genome sequence as well as the genome sequences of model organisms, combined with the functional and integrative genomics approaches of systems biology, bring about the possibility to identify alleles and haplotypes responsible for specific reaction to the dietary challenge in susceptible individuals. Such complex interactions are studied within the newly conceived field, the nutrition genomics (nutrigenomics). Using the tools of highly parallel analyses of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, the nutrition genomics pursues its ultimate goal, i.e. the individualized diet, respecting not only quantitative and qualitative nutritional needs and the actual health status, but also the genetic predispositions of an individual. This approach should lead to prevention of the onset of such diseases as obesity, hypertension oř type 2 diabetes, oř enhance the efficiency of their therapy.
Molecular methods for the analysis of biomolecules have undergone rapid technological development in the last decade. The advent of next-generation sequencing methods and improvements in instrumental resolution enabled the analysis of complex transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data, as well as a detailed annotation of microbial genomes. The mechanisms of decomposition by model fungi have been described in unprecedented detail by the combination of genome sequencing, transcriptomics and proteomics. The increasing number of available genomes for fungi and bacteria shows that the genetic potential for decomposition of organic matter is widespread among taxonomically diverse microbial taxa, while expression studies document the importance of the regulation of expression in decomposition efficiency. Importantly, high-throughput methods of nucleic acid analysis used for the analysis of metagenomes and metatranscriptomes indicate the high diversity of decomposer communities in natural habitats and their taxonomic composition. Today, the metaproteomics of natural habitats is of interest. In combination with advanced analytical techniques to explore the products of decomposition and the accumulation of information on the genomes of environmentally relevant microorganisms, advanced methods in microbial ecophysiology should increase our understanding of the complex processes of organic matter transformation.
This review defines limits of currently used techniques to assess developmental capacity of human embryos in assisted reproduction and provides an overview of techniques assessing embryo's physiology on levels of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Basic principles of respective techniques are included. Discovered biomarkers are discussed with respect to biochemical functions and their prognostic values of embryonal development.
- Keywords
- vývojový potenciál embrya,
- MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional MeSH
- Aneuploidy MeSH
- Reproductive Techniques, Assisted MeSH
- Biomarkers analysis metabolism MeSH
- Biopsy MeSH
- Embryo, Mammalian * MeSH
- Embryonic Development * genetics MeSH
- Fertilization in Vitro MeSH
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Messenger analysis MeSH
- Metabolome MeSH
- Metabolomics classification methods MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction methods MeSH
- Preimplantation Diagnosis methods MeSH
- Proteome analysis MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, DNA methods MeSH
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization methods MeSH
- Transcriptome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
BACKGROUND: Trypanosomatids of the genus Leishmania are parasites of mammals or reptiles transmitted by bloodsucking dipterans. Many species of these flagellates cause important human diseases with clinical symptoms ranging from skin sores to life-threatening damage of visceral organs. The genus Leishmania contains four subgenera: Leishmania, Sauroleishmania, Viannia, and Mundinia. The last subgenus has been established recently and remains understudied, although Mundinia contains human-infecting species. In addition, it is interesting from the evolutionary viewpoint, representing the earliest branch within the genus and possibly with a different type of vector. Here we analyzed the genomes of L. (M.) martiniquensis, L. (M.) enriettii and L. (M.) macropodum to better understand the biology and evolution of these parasites. RESULTS: All three genomes analyzed were approximately of the same size (~ 30 Mb) and similar to that of L. (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae, but smaller than those of the members of subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, or the genus Endotrypanum (~ 32 Mb). This difference was explained by domination of gene losses over gains and contractions over expansions at the Mundinia node, although only a few of these genes could be identified. The analysis predicts significant changes in the Mundinia cell surface architecture, with the most important ones relating to losses of LPG-modifying side chain galactosyltransferases and arabinosyltransferases, as well as β-amastins. Among other important changes were gene family contractions for the oxygen-sensing adenylate cyclases and FYVE zinc finger-containing proteins. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that adaptation of Mundinia to different vectors and hosts has led to alternative host-parasite relationships and, thereby, made some proteins redundant. Thus, the evolution of genomes in the genus Leishmania and, in particular, in the subgenus Mundinia was mainly shaped by host (or vector) switches.
- MeSH
- Genome Size MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Genomics MeSH
- Host Specificity MeSH
- Leishmania classification genetics MeSH
- Evolution, Molecular MeSH
- Ploidies MeSH
- Protozoan Proteins genetics MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing methods MeSH
- Exome Sequencing MeSH
- Gene Expression Profiling methods MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: The opportunistic pathogen Naegleria fowleri establishes infection in the human brain, killing almost invariably within 2 weeks. The amoeba performs piece-meal ingestion, or trogocytosis, of brain material causing direct tissue damage and massive inflammation. The cellular basis distinguishing N. fowleri from other Naegleria species, which are all non-pathogenic, is not known. Yet, with the geographic range of N. fowleri advancing, potentially due to climate change, understanding how this pathogen invades and kills is both important and timely. RESULTS: Here, we report an -omics approach to understanding N. fowleri biology and infection at the system level. We sequenced two new strains of N. fowleri and performed a transcriptomic analysis of low- versus high-pathogenicity N. fowleri cultured in a mouse infection model. Comparative analysis provides an in-depth assessment of encoded protein complement between strains, finding high conservation. Molecular evolutionary analyses of multiple diverse cellular systems demonstrate that the N. fowleri genome encodes a similarly complete cellular repertoire to that found in free-living N. gruberi. From transcriptomics, neither stress responses nor traits conferred from lateral gene transfer are suggested as critical for pathogenicity. By contrast, cellular systems such as proteases, lysosomal machinery, and motility, together with metabolic reprogramming and novel N. fowleri proteins, are all implicated in facilitating pathogenicity within the host. Upregulation in mouse-passaged N. fowleri of genes associated with glutamate metabolism and ammonia transport suggests adaptation to available carbon sources in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: In-depth analysis of Naegleria genomes and transcriptomes provides a model of cellular systems involved in opportunistic pathogenicity, uncovering new angles to understanding the biology of a rare but highly fatal pathogen.
- MeSH
- Genomics MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Naegleria fowleri * genetics MeSH
- Transcriptome MeSH
- Trogocytosis MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
PURPOSE: Missing heritability in human diseases represents a major challenge, and this is particularly true for ABCA4-associated Stargardt disease (STGD1). We aimed to elucidate the genomic and transcriptomic variation in 1054 unsolved STGD and STGD-like probands. METHODS: Sequencing of the complete 128-kb ABCA4 gene was performed using single-molecule molecular inversion probes (smMIPs), based on a semiautomated and cost-effective method. Structural variants (SVs) were identified using relative read coverage analyses and putative splice defects were studied using in vitro assays. RESULTS: In 448 biallelic probands 14 known and 13 novel deep-intronic variants were found, resulting in pseudoexon (PE) insertions or exon elongations in 105 alleles. Intriguingly, intron 13 variants c.1938-621G>A and c.1938-514G>A resulted in dual PE insertions consisting of the same upstream, but different downstream PEs. The intron 44 variant c.6148-84A>T resulted in two PE insertions and flanking exon deletions. Eleven distinct large deletions were found, two of which contained small inverted segments. Uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 1 was identified in one proband. CONCLUSION: Deep sequencing of ABCA4 and midigene-based splice assays allowed the identification of SVs and causal deep-intronic variants in 25% of biallelic STGD1 cases, which represents a model study that can be applied to other inherited diseases.
Východiska: Současná protinádorová terapie se vyznačuje vysokou nespecifitou, a to Východiska: Současná protinádorová terapie se vyznačuje vysokou nespecifitou, a to z důvodu různorodé povahy nádorů, která významně snižuje účinnost léčby. Masivní rozvoj genomických, transkriptomických a proteomických metod v posledních desetiletích umožnil detailní charakterizaci nádorů na genomové, transkriptomové a proteomové úrovni a jejich vzájemná kombinace tak představuje potenciál, jak zvýšit efektivitu procesu detekce neopeptidů a následného navržení specifické terapie. Mezi v současné době široce používané genomické a transkriptomické metody patří zejména celogenomové, celotranskriptomové, příp. exomové sekvenování, která umožňují detekovat jednonukleotidové polymorfi zmy. V případě proteomických metod, pokud je k dispozici peptidová knihovna, je možné detekovat mutované proteiny v biologickém vzorku. Nedílnou součástí kooperace těchto metod jsou softwary, které umožní interpretovat získané výsledky, jejich vizualizaci, příp. zprostředkují konverzi mezi datovými formáty často specifickými pro použitou metodu/ přístroj. Cíl: Článek primárně popisuje bio informatickou analýzu vzorků v rámci genomických a transkriptomických metod a jejich možné limitace a související problémy, které musí být zváženy v průběhu analýzy, zejména týkající se kvality vstupních dat. V textu je rovněž věnována pozornost problémům vycházejícím ze zarovnání sekvencí na referenční genom. Součástí publikace je popis softwaru TransPEM, který byl vytvořen za účelem konverze výsledků analýzy jednonukleotidových polymorfizmů do podoby peptidové knihovny sekvencí využitelné k detekci neopeptidů pomocí proteomických metod. Nechybí ani stručný popis proteomických metod využívajících tuto knihovnu a představení jejich omezení.
Background: Current anti-tumour therapy is characterised by high non-specificity due to the diverse nature of tumours, which can significantly reduce its efficiency. The massive development of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods has enabled the detailed characterisation of individual tumours at the genome, transcriptome and proteome levels. Whole-genome sequencing, whole-transcriptome sequencing and exome sequencing can be listed as examples of genomics and transcriptomics methods. Those methods are suitable for detecting single- -nucleotide polymorphisms. In the case of proteomic methods, where a peptide library is available, it is possible to detect mutated proteins in a biological sample. Also important is software that interprets and visualises the results or facilitates conversion between data formats that are specific to the method. The combination of methods can in principle increase the likelihood of detecting new neoantigens and design-specific anti-tumour therapy. Aim: The article primarily describes the bioinformatics analysis of samples using the methods of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, and the possible problems which must be considered during the analysis. The article includes a description of TransPEM software designed to convert the results from the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms into a peptide library of sequences useful for the detection of neopeptides using proteomic methods. The publication is accompanied by a brief description of the proteomics methods using this peptide library and the summary of its limitations.
- Keywords
- transkriptomika,
- MeSH
- Genomics * methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neoplasms diagnosis MeSH
- Software Design MeSH
- Proteomics * methods MeSH
- Computational Biology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
BACKGROUND: Understanding the genetic basis of novel traits is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Two novel pigmentation phenotypes, egg-spots and blotches, emerged during the rapid diversification of East African cichlid fishes. Egg-spots are circular pigmentation markings on the anal fins of hundreds of derived haplochromine cichlids species, whereas blotches are patches of conspicuous anal fin pigmentation with ill-defined boundaries that occur in few species that belong to basal cichlid lineages. Both traits play an important role in the breeding behavior of this group of fishes. Knowledge about the origin, homology and underlying genetics of these pigmentation traits is sparse. RESULTS: Here, we present a comparative transcriptomic and differential gene expression analysis of egg-spots and blotches. We first conducted an RNA sequencing experiment where we compared egg-spot tissue with the remaining portion of egg-spot-free fin tissue using six individuals of Astatotilapia burtoni. We identified 1229 differentially expressed genes between the two tissue types. We then showed that rates of evolution of these genes are higher than average estimated on whole transcriptome data. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we found that 29 out of a subset of 46 differentially expressed genes showed an analogous expression pattern in another haplochromine species' egg-spots, Cynotilapia pulpican, strongly suggesting that these genes are involved in the egg-spot phenotype. Among these are the previously identified egg-spot gene fhl2a, two known patterning genes (hoxC12a and bmp3) as well as other pigmentation related genes such as asip. Finally, we analyzed the expression patterns of the same gene subset in two species that feature blotches instead of egg-spots, one haplochromine species (Pseudocrenilabrus philander) and one ectodine species (Callochromis macrops), revealing that the expression patterns in blotches and egg-spots are rather distinct. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several candidate genes that will serve as an important and useful resource for future research on the emergence and diversification of cichlid fishes' egg-spots. Only a limited degree of conservation of gene expression patterns was detected between the egg-spots of the derived haplochromines and blotches from ancestral haplochromines, as well as between the two types of blotches, suggesting an independent origin of these traits.
- MeSH
- Anal Canal physiology MeSH
- Cichlids genetics MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Evolution, Molecular MeSH
- Skin Pigmentation genetics MeSH
- Animal Fins physiology MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation MeSH
- Fish Proteins genetics MeSH
- Sequence Analysis, RNA methods MeSH
- Gene Expression Profiling methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Euglenids have long been studied due to their unique physiology and versatile metabolism, providing underpinnings for much of our understanding of photosynthesis and biochemistry, and a growing opportunity in biotechnology. Until recently there has been a lack of genetic studies due to their large and complex genomes, but recently new technologies have begun to unveil their genetic capabilities. Whilst much research has focused on the model organism Euglena gracilis, other members of the euglenids have now started to receive due attention. Currently only poor nuclear genome assemblies of E. gracilis and Rhabdomonas costata are available, but there are many more plastid genome sequences and an increasing number of transcriptomes. As more assemblies become available, there are great opportunities to understand the fundamental biology of these organisms and to exploit them for biotechnology.
