The rapid evolution and spread of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens has significantly outpaced the development of new antibiotics, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy have emerged as promising treatments. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light and a photosensitizer to produce reactive oxygen species, which are highly cytotoxic to microorganisms, leading to their destruction without fostering resistance. Antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, a novel variation, substitutes ultrasound for light to activate the sonosensitizers, expanding the therapeutic reach. To increase the efficiency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy, the combination of these two methods, known as antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy, is currently being explored and considered a promising approach. Recent advances, particularly in the application of nanomaterials, have further enhanced the efficacy of these therapies. Nanosensitizers, due to their improved reactive oxygen species generation and targeted delivery, offer significant advantages in overcoming the limitations of conventional sensitizers. These breakthroughs provide new avenues for treating bacterial infections, especially multidrug-resistant strains and biofilm-associated infections. Continued research, including comprehensive clinical studies, is crucial to optimizing nanomaterial-based antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy for clinical use, ensuring their effectiveness in real-world applications.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• Bacteria účinky léků   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce * farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   terapie   MeSH
• biofilmy účinky léků   MeSH
• fotochemoterapie * metody   MeSH
• fotosenzibilizující látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• nanostruktury chemie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• ultrazvuková terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Meta-analyses of observational and clinical studies conducted in recent years have raised serious doubts about the validity of the low-fat dietary recommendations introduced in the late 1970s/early 1980s, due to the absence of any convincing link between saturated fat and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, long-term food supply statistics from the FAOSTAT database show that these recommendations were at the root of fundamental dietary changes in Western countries, which resulted in a lower consumption of eggs and red meat, a higher consumption of cereals and poultry, a decline in average protein quality and, overall, in a higher glycemic load of the diet. Because current views on human nutrition are based primarily on highly unreliable questionnaire data from observational studies, the purpose of this commentary is to provide an alternative ecological (country-level) perspective and to trace the consequences of these nutritional changes using the FAOSTAT database in combination with available anthropological and health statistics. This comparison shows a close connection between the decline in protein quality and the sudden reversal of the positive height trend in some Western countries, after ∼150 years of continuous growth, which points to suboptimal levels of child nutrition. The sharp increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is strongly correlated with the increasing consumption of high-glycemic carbohydrates and sweeteners, and is also interconnected with the decrease in body height, because a high-quality, growth-stimulating diet during adolescence is inversely related to obesity. Given the long-term association between height and phenotypic IQ, the lower quality of nutrients in children's diet may also seriously affect intellectual potential and future civilizational development. In light of these findings, current nutritional strategies should be seriously reconsidered and recommended protein intakes for children must be urgently reevaluated.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu epidemiologie   MeSH
• dieta * trendy   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• obezita * epidemiologie   MeSH
• tělesná výška * MeSH
• zásobování potravinami * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Lactam rings are essential structural motifs in organic chemistry, widely present in natural products and clinically important drugs, such as antibiotics and antiepileptics. Existing methods for synthesizing N-functionalized lactams often require harsh conditions, toxic reagents, or complex catalytic systems. Here, we report a mild and efficient photochemical approach for generating N-centered radicals, enabling straightforward N-heteroarylation of lactams. This versatile method enables the synthesis of a range of N-(het)arylated lactams and is effective even in aqueous media, facilitating the functionalization of biomolecules. Furthermore, the photochemical reaction is easily scalable under continuous flow conditions, making it highly suitable for large-scale applications.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been instrumental in epilepsy research for the past century, both for basic and translational studies. Its contributions have advanced our understanding of epilepsy, shedding light on the pathophysiology and functional organization of epileptic networks, and the mechanisms underlying seizures. Here we re-examine the historical significance, ongoing relevance, and future trajectories of EEG in epilepsy research. We describe traditional approaches to record brain electrical activity and discuss novel cutting-edge, large-scale techniques using micro-electrode arrays. Contemporary EEG studies explore brain potentials beyond the traditional Berger frequencies to uncover underexplored mechanisms operating at ultra-slow and high frequencies, which have proven valuable in understanding the principles of ictogenesis, epileptogenesis, and endogenous epileptogenicity. Integrating EEG with modern techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and imaging provides a more comprehensive understanding of epilepsy. EEG has become an integral element in a powerful suite of tools for capturing epileptic network dynamics across various temporal and spatial scales, ranging from rapid pathological synchronization to the long-term processes of epileptogenesis or seizure cycles. Advancements in EEG recording techniques parallel the application of sophisticated mathematical analyses and algorithms, significantly augmenting the information yield of EEG recordings. Beyond seizures and interictal activity, EEG has been instrumental in elucidating the mechanisms underlying epilepsy-related cognitive deficits and other comorbidities. Although EEG remains a cornerstone in epilepsy research, persistent challenges such as limited spatial resolution, artifacts, and the difficulty of long-term recording highlight the ongoing need for refinement. Despite these challenges, EEG continues to be a fundamental research tool, playing a central role in unraveling disease mechanisms and drug discovery.

• MeSH
• elektroencefalografie * metody   MeSH
• epilepsie * patofyziologie   diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek * patofyziologie   MeSH
• záchvaty * patofyziologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The hippocampus (HPC) is essential for navigation and memory, tracking environmental continuity and change, including navigation relative to moving targets. CA1 ensembles expressing immediate-early gene (IEG) Arc and Homer1a RNA are contextually specific. While IEG expression correlates with HPC-dependent task demands, the effects of behavioral demands on IEG-expressing ensembles remain unclear. In three experiments, we investigated the effects of context switch, sustained presence, and task demands on dorso-proximal CA1 IEG+ ensembles in rats. Experiment 1 showed that the size of IEG+ (Arc, Homer1a RNA) ensembles dropped to baseline during uninterrupted 30-min exploration, reflecting familiarization, unless a context switch was present. Context-specificity of the ensembles depended on both environment identity and timing of the context switch. Experiment 2 found no effect of HPC-dependent mobile robot avoidance or HPC-independent avoidance of a stationary robot on IEG+ ensembles beyond mere exploration. Experiment 3 replicated these findings for c-Fos protein. The data suggest that IEG+ ensembles are driven by a context switch and shrink over time during sustained presence in the same environment. We found no evidence of task demands or their change affecting the size, stability over time, or task-specificity of IEG+ ensembles. These results shed light on the temporal dynamics of CA1 IEG+ ensembles, and their control by contextual and behavioral factors.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• cytoskeletální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampální oblast CA1 * metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Homer scaffold proteiny * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• okamžité časné geny * fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Long-Evans * MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Restoring the structures and functions of tissues along with organs in human bodies is a topic gathering attention nowadays. These issues are widely discussed in the context of regenerative medicine. Excipients/delivery systems play a key role in this topic, guaranteeing a positive impact on the effectiveness of the drugs or therapeutic substances supplied. Advances in materials engineering, particularly in the development of hydrogel biomaterials, have influenced the idea of creating an innovative material that could serve as a carrier for active substances while ensuring biocompatibility and meeting all the stringent requirements imposed on medical materials. This work presents the preparation of a natural polymeric material based on pullulan modified with silymarin, which belongs to the group of flavonoids and derives from a plant called Silybum marianum. Under UV light, matrices with a previously prepared composition were crosslinked. Before proceeding to the next stage of the research, the purity of the composition of the matrices was checked using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Incubation tests lasting 19 days were carried out using incubation fluids such as simulated body fluid (SBF), Ringer's solution, and artificial saliva. Changes in pH, electrolytic conductivity, and weight were observed and then used to determine the sorption capacity. During incubation, SBF proved to be the most stable fluid, with a pH level of 7.6-7.8. Sorption tests showed a high sorption capacity of samples incubated in both Ringer's solution and artificial saliva (approximately 350%) and SBF (approximately 300%). After incubation, the surface morphology was analyzed using an optical microscope for samples demonstrating the greatest changes over time. The active substance, silymarin, was released using a water bath, and then the antioxidant capacity was determined using the Folin-Ciocâlteu test. The tests carried out proved that the material produced is active and harmless, which was shown by the incubation analysis. The continuous release of the active ingredient increases the biological value of the biomaterial. The material requires further research, including a more detailed assessment of its balance; however, it demonstrates promising potential for further experiments.

• MeSH
• glukany * chemie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nosiče léků * chemie   MeSH
• polyethylenglykoly * chemie   MeSH
• silymarin * chemie   MeSH
• spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cieľom výskumu bolo analyzovať heterogenitu kognitívneho deficitu u ľudí závislých od alkoholu a identifikovať empirické typy, ktoré sa líšia v miere oslabenia kognitívnych funkcií v doménach pamäť, pozornosť, jazyk a reč, exekutívne funkcie a psychomotorické tempo. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 53 pacientov v procese liečby závislosti od alkoholu hospitalizovaných v Odbornom liečebnom ústave psychiatrickom n.o. na Prednej Hore vo veku od 19 do 55 rokov. Na posúdenie kognitívnych výkonov boli použité Test verbálnej fluencie, Pamäťový test učenia slov, Test kódovania symbolov, Test opakovania čísel odpredu a odzadu, Test cesty a Batéria frontálnych funkcií. Pomocou klastrovej analýzy sme identifikovali nasledujúce 4 typy participantov: 1. participanti so zachovanými kognitívnymi funkciami a s kognitívnou rezervou, 2. participanti bez kognitívneho deficitu, 3. participanti s miernym oslabením exekutívnych funkcií, 4. participanti s globálnym kognitívnym deficitom. Z hľadiska vecnej významnosti boli medzi skupinami zistené nezanedbateľné rozdiely z hľadiska veku, vzdelania a dĺžky excesívneho pitia. Výsledky výskumu poukazujú na heterogenitu kognitívneho deficitu u ľudí závislých od alkoholu a možnosť identifikácie viacerých podskupín, ktoré sa z kvantitatívneho aj kvalitatívneho hľadiska líšia v miere oslabenia kognitívnych funkcií.

The aim of the research was to analyze the heterogeneity of cognitive deficit in people with alcohol use disorders and to identify empirical types that differ in the degree of cognitive impairment across the domains of memory, attention, language and speech, executive function, and psychomotor speed. The study involved 53 patients in the process of treatment of alcohol use disorders hospitalized in the Specialized Psychiatric Institute in Predná Hora aged 19 to 55 years. Word Fluency Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Symbol Encoding Test, Forward and Backward Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test and Frontal Assessment Battery were used to quantify cognitive performance. Using cluster analysis, we identified the following 4 types of participants: 1. participants with preserved cognitive functions and cognitive reserve, 2. participants without cognitive deficit, 3. participants with an incipient mild impairment of executive functioning, 4. participants with a global cognitive deficit. In terms of substantive significance, significant differences were found between the groups in terms of age, education and duration of excessive drinking. The results of this study shed light on the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits in people with alcohol use disorders, and the possibility of identifying several subgroups that differ quantitatively and qualitatively in their degree of cognitive impairment

• MeSH
• alkoholismus psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• empirický výzkum MeSH
• hospitalizovaní pacienti * klasifikace   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy způsobené alkoholem * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain insult is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. To assess the underlying pathological mechanisms, we mapped the spatiotemporal changes in polyamine, amino acid, and neurotransmitter levels, following HI insult (by the Rice-Vannucci method) in the brains of seven-day-old rat pups. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging of chemically modified small-molecule metabolites by 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-fluoro-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide revealed critical HI-related metabolomic changes of 22 metabolites in 14 rat brain subregions, much earlier than light microscopy detected signs of neuronal damage. For the first time, we demonstrated excessive polyamine oxidation and accumulation of 3-aminopropanal in HI neonatal brains, which was later accompanied by neuronal apoptosis enhanced by increases in glycine and norepinephrine in critically affected brain regions. Specifically, putrescine, cadaverine, and 3-aminopropanal increased significantly as early as 12 h postinsult, mainly in motor and somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain, followed by an increase in norepinephrine 24 h postinsult, which was predominant in the caudate putamen, the region most vulnerable to HI. The decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the continuous dysregulation of the GABAergic system together with low taurine levels up to 36 h sustained progressive neurodegenerative cellular processes. The molecular alterations presented here at the subregional rat brain level provided unprecedented insight into early metabolomic changes in HI-insulted neonatal brains, which may further aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neonatal HI encephalopathy.

• MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• metabolomika MeSH
• mozek * metabolismus   MeSH
• mozková hypoxie a ischemie * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• neurotransmiterové látky * metabolismus   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata * MeSH
• polyaminy * metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Srdeční infarkt je závažný stav definovaný jako nekróza části srdečních buněk (kardiomyocytů) s klinickými známkami akutní ischemie myokardu. Většinou je charakterizován rupturou aterosklerotického plátu, ulcerací, fisurou nebo erozí s výsledným intraluminálním trombem v jedné nebo více koronárních tepnách. Srdeční infarkt bývá spojován s vyšším věkem a u mladých pacientů se na tuto diagnózu často nemyslí. Cílem sdělení je poukázat na výskyt akutního infarktu myokardu (AIM) u mladých jedinců. Rádi bychom demonstrovali závažnost problematiky diagnostiky AIM u mladých nemocných na kazuistice muže věku 36 let s pozitivní rodinnou anamnézou. Na naše pracoviště byl přivezen za kontinuální resuscitace zevním masážním systémem Lucas pro refrakterní srdeční zástavu s obrazem bezpulzové aktivity. Resuscitace byla nakonec úspěšná, k obnově spontánního oběhu došlo v 85. minutě. Následně byl na EKG obraz infarktu myokardu s ST elevacemi přední stěny. Akutní koronarografie potvrdila proximální uzávěr ramus interventricularis anterior, byla provedena balónková angioplastika s implantací stentu. Tento mladý muž opustil naše oddělení po 21 dnech s malým neurologickým deficitem (porucha krátkodobé paměti). Prevalence srdečního infarktu stoupá s věkem, ale může se vyvinout a ohrožovat život i u mladých jedinců. Proto je třeba na tuto diagnózu myslet také u mladších pacientů s námahovými bolestmi na hrudi nebo v zádech

A heart attack is a serious condition, defined as the death of a portion of cardiac muscle cells. It is typically caused by a sudden blockage or significant narrowing of a coronary artery that supplies the affected region. Although heart attacks are often associated with older individuals, they can also occur in the young. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in younger populations. Through the case study of a 36year-old male with a familial history of heart conditions, we aim to highlight the critical nature of early AMI diagnosis in young individuals. He was admitted to our department while undergoing continuous resuscitation using the Lucas external chest compression system, following a refractory cardiac arrest characterized by pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation proved successful, with spontaneous circulation restored after 85 minutes. A subsequent ECG revealed an ST elevation myocardial infarction of the anterior wall. Acute coronary angiography identified a proximal blockage in the ramus interventricularis anterior, which was then treated with balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. Twenty-one days later, the young patient was discharged with a mild impairment in short-term memory. While the prevalence of myocardial infarction increases with age, it is imperative to recognize that younger individuals are not immune. Therefore, healthcare professionals must consider AMI as a potential diagnosis in younger patients presenting with exertional chest or back pain.

• MeSH
• infarkt myokardu ošetřování   terapie   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Check Tag
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

• MeSH
• dentální technologie MeSH
• fotochemoterapie metody   MeSH
• lasery MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci zubů MeSH
• společnosti stomatologické MeSH
• stomatochirurgie MeSH
• zubní lékařství * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• rozhovory MeSH