• MeSH
• duševní procesy MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• evokované potenciály MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Existing research indicates that the shape of various facial regions is linked to perceived attractiveness and perceived formidability. Interestingly, little evidence shows that people directly focus on these specific facial regions during judgments of attractiveness and formidability, and there is little support for the notion that the levels of attractiveness and formidability affect raters' visual attention. We employed eye-tracking to examine visual attention (the number of fixations and dwell time) in 40 women and 37 men, while they assessed 45 male faces in life-sized photographs for attractiveness and formidability. The facial photographs were grouped by varying levels of attractiveness and formidability (low, medium, and high). Our results showed that regardless of the characteristics rated, both men and women paid the most visual attention to the eyes, nose, mouth, and forehead regions. We found statistically discernible variation in visual attention in relation to the rater's sex or target's attractiveness levels for other facial features (the chin, cheeks, or ears), but these differences may not be substantial enough to have practical implications. We suggest that the eyes, the nose, and the mouth regions play a central role in the evolution of face perception as regions most salient to the acquisition of informative cues about others. Further, during both attractiveness and formidability judgments, men looked longer at the stimuli than women did, which may hint at increased difficulty of this task for men, possibly because they compare themselves with the stimuli. Additionally, irrespective of sex, raters looked marginally longer at faces with a medium level of formidability than at those with a high formidability level, which may reflect ambiguity of these stimuli and uncertainty regarding assessment. We found no other significantly relationships between the target's attractiveness and formidability levels and the rater's visual attention to whole faces.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• krása MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej * MeSH
• pozornost * fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznání obličeje fyziologie   MeSH
• technologie sledování pohybu očí MeSH
• výběrové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková percepce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Introduction. The development of inertial sensors in motion capture systems enables precise measurement of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). The type of physical activities performed by the PD participants is an important factor to compute objective scores for specific motor symptoms of the disease. The goal of this study is to propose an approach to automatically detect the physical activities over a period time and segment the time stamps for such detected activities. Methods. A wearable motion capture sensor system using inertial measurement units (IMUs) was used for data collection. Data from the sensors attached to the shoulders, elbows, and wrists were utilized for detecting and segmenting the activities. An unsupervised machine learning algorithm was employed to extract suitable features from the appropriate sensors and classify the data points to the corresponding activity group. Results. The performance of the proposed technique was evaluated with respect to the manually labeled and segmented activities. The experimental results reveal that the proposed auto detection technique – by obtaining high average scores of accuracy (96%), precision (96%), and recall (98%) – is able to effectively detect the activities during the sitting task and segment them to the proper time stamps.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• diagnóza počítačová * přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• elektrické vybavení a zdroje MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování fyziologických funkcí MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• počítačové zpracování signálu MeSH
• pohybová aktivita * MeSH
• postura těla MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpoznávání automatizované MeSH
• správnost dat MeSH
• strojové učení MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• hierarchická analýza úkolů, úkolový diagram, hodnocení spolehlivosti lidského činitele,
• MeSH
• cíle MeSH
• hygiena práce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metody MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• řízení bezpečnosti MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• systémy člověk-stroj MeSH
• techniky plánování MeSH
• technologie organizace a řízení   pracovní síly   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

In the present research, we took advantage of geometric morphometrics to propose a data-driven method for estimating the individual degree of facial typicality/distinctiveness for cross-cultural (and other cross-group) comparisons. Looking like a stranger in one's home culture may be somewhat stressful. The same facial appearance, however, might become advantageous within an outgroup population. To address this fit between facial appearance and cultural setting, we propose a simple measure of distinctiveness/typicality based on position of an individual along the axis connecting the facial averages of two populations under comparison. The more distant a face is from its ingroup population mean toward the outgroup mean the more distinct it is (vis-à-vis the ingroup) and the more it resembles the outgroup standards. We compared this new measure with an alternative measure based on distance from outgroup mean. The new measure showed stronger association with rated facial distinctiveness than distance from outgroup mean. Subsequently, we manipulated facial stimuli to reflect different levels of ingroup-outgroup distinctiveness and tested them in one of the target cultures. Perceivers were able to successfully distinguish outgroup from ingroup faces in a two-alternative forced-choice task. There was also some evidence that this task was harder when the two faces were closer along the axis connecting the facial averages from the two cultures. Future directions and potential applications of our proposed approach are discussed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Globally, health systems are faced with the difficult challenge of how to get the best results with the often limited number of health workers available to them. Exacerbating this challenge is the task of meeting ever-changing needs of service users and managing unprecedented technological advances. The process of matching skills to changing needs and opportunities is termed task shifting. It involves questioning health service goals, what health workers do, asking if it can be done in a better way, and implementing change. Task shifting in healthcare is often conceptualised as a process of transferring responsibility for 'simple' tasks from high-skilled but scarce health workers to those with less expertise and lower pay, and predominantly viewed as a means to reduce costs and promote efficiency. Here we present a position paper based on the work and expertise of the European Commission Expert Panel on Effective ways of Investing in Health. It contends that this is over simplistic, and aims to provide a new task shifting framework, informed by relevant evidence, and a series of recommendations. While far from comprehensive, there is a growing body of evidence that certain tasks traditionally undertaken by one type of health worker can be undertaken by others (or machines), in some cases to a higher standard, thus challenging the persistence of rigid professional boundaries. Task shifting has the potential to contribute to health systems strengthening when accompanied by adequate planning, resources, education, training and transparency.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče * MeSH
• zdravotnická zařízení MeSH
• zdravotnický personál * MeSH
• zdravotničtí pracovníci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Tento článek se zabývá automatickou lokalizací objektů (očí, úst) ve dvourozměrných (2D) černobílých obrazech obličejů. Je motivován praktickým problémem v genetice člověka a výstup lokalizace objektů v dané databázi obrazů je zapotřebí pro řešení dalších úloh v genetickém výzkumu. V článku se aplikuje robustní filtr na obrazy s cílem odstranit šum. Hlavní metodou jsou šablony. Ústa a obě oči se lokalizují současně za použití váženého Pearsonova korelačního koeficientu nebo jeho robustní analogie založené na robustních regresních metodách. V databázi s 212 obrazy obličejů tato metoda správně nalezne ústa a oči ve 100 % případů. Také robustní korelační koeficient založený na regresní metodě nejmenších vážených čtverců lokalizuje ústa a oči ve 100 % obrazů uvažované databáze. Článek studuje robustní aspekty této metody vzhledem k otočení, šumu, okluzi a asymetrii v obraze. Současná lokalizace úst i obou očí je invariantní vůči libovolnému otočení obličeje. Tato studie využívá speciální vlastnosti daných obrazů obličejů vzhledem k očekávanému použití v genetických aplikacích.

This paper is devoted to automatic localization of objects (eyes, mouth) in two-dimensional (2D) grey scale images of faces. Motivated by a practical problem in human genetics, the output of the localization of objects in the given database of images is needed for further tasks in the genetic research. A robust filter is applied on the image to ensure denoising. Templates are used as the main method. The mouth and both eyes are localized jointly using the weighted Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient or its robust analogy based on robust regression methods. In the database with 212 images of faces the method allows to locate the mouth and eyes correctly in 100 % of cases. Also the robust correlation coefficient based on the least weighted squares regression localizes the mouth and both eyes in 100 % of images of the given database. Robustness aspects of the method are examined with respect to rotation, noise, occlusion and asymmetry in the image. The joint localization of the mouth and both eyes produces the method invariant to rotation of any degree. This work is tailor made for the given images with expected usage of the methods in genetic applications.

• Klíčová slova
• lokalizace objektů, šablony, detekce oči a úst, robustní korelační analýza, redukce šumu,
• MeSH
• biometrie metody   MeSH
• citlivost na kontrast fyziologie   MeSH
• databáze jako téma normy   MeSH
• fotografování metody   MeSH
• genetický výzkum MeSH
• interpretace obrazu počítačem metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obličej MeSH
• oči MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpoznávání fyziologické fyziologie   MeSH
• subtrakční technika normy   MeSH
• ústa MeSH
• vylepšení obrazu metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Objectives. Schizophrenia has a debilitating impact on patient‘s cognitive functioning and everyday activities. As a part of the treatment, schizophrenia patients attend sessions of cognitive remediation to restore impaired cognitive abilities. To combine cognitive and real life training, this study presents a virtual task to use in cognitive rehabilitation and assessment. Virtual Supermarket Shopping Task (VSST) simulates a shopping activity, in which participants have to memorize and collect items from a virtual supermarket. The aim of this study is to establish its validity for use in clinical practice. Sample and setting. Twenty patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia and twenty healthy controls were tested. Each participant completed the task and a battery of standard neuropsychological tests. Statistical analyses. Groups’ results were compared with Student’s t-tests. Validity of VSST was examined using correlations with standard neuropsychological measures. Several VSST metrics, such as trial difficulty, distances and times, and the effect the extraneous variables have on VSST measures were investigated using analyses of variance and mixed effect models. Results. The analyses demonstrate that patients perform worse in VSST than healthy controls and their performance corresponds to their mnemonic abilities measured by standard neuropsychological tests. VSST performance relates to the level of executive functioning only in patients. There was no effect of gaming experience on VSST performance. While potential gender effect has to be addressed in future studies, age seems to play a role in the additional VSST measures (trial time and distance). Study limitations.Subjects were tested only once and therefore long term benefits of using VSST in rehabilitation could not be investigated. Only schizophrenia patients were included in the sample which reduces generalizability of results to other psychiatric and neurologic conditions.

• MeSH
• chronická nemoc rehabilitace   MeSH
• duševně nemocní MeSH
• kognitivní remediace metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychiatrická rehabilitace metody   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• schizofrenie * rehabilitace   MeSH
• supermarkety MeSH
• terapie pomocí virtuální reality * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cieľom predkladaného výskumu je prešetriť psychometrické vlastnosti revidovanej Škály na úlohu zameraných obáv na slovenskom výbere (N=200). Osempoložková škála bola adaptovaná z pôvodnej subškály Dotazníka kognitívnej interferencie (Sarasonet al., 1986), ktorý predstavuje užitočný nástroj pre posúdenie miery výskytu obáv, ktoré sa vyskytujú pri riešení úloh. Realizované boli odhady vnútornej konzistencie, konfirmačná faktorová analýza a Mokkenová škálová analýza. Výsledky naznačujú, že škála má obzvlášť dobrú vnútornú konzistenciu, homogenitu položiek (jednodimenzionálnosť) a spĺňa kritéria ako pre monotónny model homogenity, tak aj model dvojitej monotonicity. Poskytnutá evidencia naznačuje, že TRWS-R je vhodným nástrojom, ktorý je možné využiť pre posudzovanie kognitívnej interferencie v relevantnom výskume.

Task-related worries can be understood as an inherent component of an anxious state and stress response. Under evaluating conditions (e.g. cognitive testing), these worries, due to cognitive interference they create, may have undesirable effects on a cognitive performance at hand. Since cognitive interference has been documented to affect a broad spectrum of cognitive performance (Hembree, 1988), development of a method for its assessment is required. For this purpose we modified a part of the original Cognitive Interference Questionnaire (Sarason et al., 1986) in order to create the revised TaskRelated Worry Scale (TRWS-R) and investigated its psychometric properties. Data from two hundreds of participants (72 male, 139 female; age ranging from 18 to 24) were obtained to inspect the modified scale’s properties on Slovak sample. After the scale was reformulated and shortened, the resulting set of eight items was subjected for examination of internal consistency (Cronbach'salpha, Revelle’sbeta, Armor'stheta, and McDonald'somega coefficients), expected unidimensionality (confirmatory factor analysis), and scalability (nonparametric item response model - Mokken scale analysis). The results indicate that the scale has rather reasonable consistency. Both mean inter-item correlation and corrected mean item-score correlation were relatively high (r= .469 and r = .636 respectively). Additionally, all estimated consistency coefficients reached required thresholds (namely: α = .88,β = .79,θ = .86,Ω =.88). Robust confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach-Mesbah curve convergently supported the hypothesized unidimensional factor solution (CFA fit indexes: χ2 (28)= 26.73, p = .143, CFI = .994, TLI = .992, RMSEA = .041, SRMR = .055.). Moreover, Mokken scale analysis indicated that the scale is scalable (scale’s H = .496) and satisfies the criteria of both monotone homogenity model and double monotonicity model (no significant violations were present). Consistency indices, confirmatory factor analysis, and Mokken scale analysis consistently suggest that the scale assesses a unidimensional construct with reasonable reliability.They also indicated that broader scope of worries that may be present under evaluating conditions (mapped by eight items) tend to occur simultaneously, plausibly without any finergrained structure. The nonparametric item response model suggested that the items allow ranking persons in the same order on the latent continuum and that the ordering of the items according to their difficulty is relatively uniform across ability groups. Further research is however needed for evaluating the scale's validity and for supporting its appropriateness on more general sample. Psychometric analyses of the present study provided reasonable evidence that support acceptable properties of the revised TaskRelated Worry Scale (TRWS-R). We thus conclude that TRWS-R represents a suitable instrument which can be utilized for assessment of cognitive interference in related research.

• Klíčová slova
• kognitivní interference,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychometrie * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of the current study is to assess the validity of the Cross-linguistic lexical task (CLT) against direct and indirect measures of lexical skills across 2-6 years of age, for a crucial period of lexical development. In addition to evaluating relationships between measures at the level of total score, we also explored agreement at an item level between two lexical measures. METHOD: Participants were 109 Slovak-speaking 2-6-year-old typically developing children who all completed the Cross-linguistic lexical task (CLT-SK). Three additional measures of lexical skills were obtained: A parental checklist (Slovak adaptation of CDI; n = 30, aged 30-36 months), a narrative task to estimate production of Internal State Terms (n = 79, aged 41-81 months) and a non-word repetition task (n = 105, aged 30-81). The agreement at the item level was determined between items that were included in both the CLT-SK and CDI. RESULTS: Correlational analyses showed that the CLT-SK was significantly related to all measures. While relationships at the level of total scores were confirmed, agreement at the level of individual items between parental judgement and the child's performance was poor. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the view that CLT-SK is a valid instrument to assess lexical skills in children aged 2-6 years when total scores are evaluated. However, the agreement at the level of individual items was inadequate, which may have implications for clinical work and/or research based on assumed knowledge of individual items. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject The validity of parental checklists in relation to direct vocabulary assessments is well established, particularly in pre-school-aged children. However, there is limited research exploring the relationship between different direct measures of lexical knowledge. This gap highlights the need for further investigation to understand how various methods complement each other in assessing lexical skills. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study supports the convergent validity of the CLT-SK. It extends current knowledge by exploring relationships between different types of lexical assessments, within a new language, and provides unique insights into the agreement between individual items when evaluated using different methods. The study found that the overall scores of different lexical measures appear to be related, but the validity at the level of individual test items is low. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The results suggest that lexical assessments are effective for evaluating overall vocabulary knowledge but may not reliably measure specific word knowledge. The study supports the validity of the CLT-SK, highlighting its quick, child-friendly administration, low costs and high accessibility for diverse populations and clinical settings. These features enhance its utility and contribute to the broader applicability of the CLT framework across multiple languages.

• MeSH
• dětská řeč * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• jazykové testy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lingvistika * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• slovní zásoba MeSH
• vývoj řeči * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• validační studie MeSH