BACKGROUND: Fear acquisition of certain stimuli, such as snakes, is thought to be rapid, resistant to extinction, and easily transferable onto other similar objects. It has been hypothesized that due to increased survival chances, preparedness to instantly acquire fear towards evolutionary threats has been hardwired into neural pathways of the primate brain. Here, we compare participants' fear of snakes according to experience; from those who often deal with snakes and even suffer snakebites to those unfamiliar with snakes. METHODS: The Snake Questionnaire-12 (SNAQ-12) and Specific Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ) were administered to three groups of participants with a different level of experience with snakes and snakebites: 1) snake experts, 2) firefighters, and 3) college students. RESULTS: This study shows that individuals more experienced with snakes demonstrate lower fear. Moreover, participants who have suffered a snakebite (either venomous or not) score lower on fear of snakes (SNAQ-12), but not of all other potentially phobic stimuli (SPQ). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a harmless benign exposure might immunize people to highly biologically prepared fears of evolutionary threats, such as snakes.

• MeSH
• fobie * MeSH
• hadi MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• strach MeSH
• uštknutí hadem * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The study investigated antecedents of attitudes towards vaccines against COVID-19 and vaccination behaviour, and sought to identify areas where interventions aimed at increasing vaccination rates would be most effective. A sample of 500 Slovaks (250 women) responded to questions concerning their socio-demographic and personality characteristics, collectivism and individualism, consciousness of future consequences, and emotional responses to both vaccination and the pandemic. The study indicates that helplessness related to the vaccine efficacy evaluation and fear of its potential risks are the strongest antecedents of vaccination behaviour and anti-vaccination attitudes. Jointly with the fear of the COVID-19, they explained over 26% and 33% of variance in behaviour and attitudes, respectively. The results indicate that the efficiency of appeals to solidarity may be limited when fear and helplessness are widespread as they seem to strongly outweigh individuals' outward motivations to get vaccinated.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postoj MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• sociální spravedlnost MeSH
• strach psychologie   MeSH
• vakcinace psychologie   MeSH
• vakcíny proti COVID-19 * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• imunizace MeSH
• interinstitucionální vztahy MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• mezinárodní spolupráce MeSH
• očkovací programy MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• vakcíny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• infekční lékařství
• alergologie a imunologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• publikace WHO

Cíl: Cílem této studie bylo prozkoumat u těhotných žen míru strachu, deprese, stresu a úzkosti spojených s pandemií, a to v různých trimestrech v období po pandemii, a určit jejich souvislost s psychickou odolností. Metody: Do studie bylo zařazeno celkem 250 žen, z toho 125 těhotných a 125 zdravých kontrol. Ženy byly dále rozděleny do tří skupin podle trimestru těhotenství. K měření deprese, úzkosti, stresu a psychické odolnosti byla použita škála deprese, úzkosti a stresu (DASS-21 – Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21), škála strachu z epidemie (EDAS – Epidemic Disease Anxiety Scale) a zkrácená škála psychické odolnosti (SPRS – Short Psychological Resilience Scale). Výsledky: Těhotné ženy měly významně vyšší celkové skóre DASS-21 [19 (4–42) ], oproti zdravým kontrolám [11 (1–42) ], p = 0,001. Prevalence deprese, úzkosti a stresu u těhotných byla 23,2 %, 44 % a 20 % oproti 12,8 %, 31,2 % a 9,6 % u zdravých kontrol. Celkové skóre DASS-21 bylo nejvyšší v I. trimestru (21,2 ± 5,8) a III. trimestru (22,8 ± 8,9) a nejnižší v II. trimestru (16,1 ± 6,9). U DASS-21 byla zaznamenána pozitivní korelace s celkovým skóre EDAS a se subškálou vnímání pandemie. Celkové skóre SPRS mělo negativní korelaci s úzkostí, stresem a celkovým skóre DASS-21. Závěr: V období po pandemii byla u těhotných žen zaznamenána vyšší míra deprese, úzkosti, stresu a strachu z pandemie než u netěhotných žen. U těhotných žen byla zjištěna negativní korelace mezi psychickou odolností a depresí, úzkostí či stresem. Tyto závěry svědčí o tom, že pandemie negativně ovlivňuje mentálního zdraví těhotných žen a rovněž ukazují důležitost služeb poskytujících psychickou podporu při ochraně jejich duševního zdraví.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of pandemic-related fear, depression, stress and anxiety in pregnant women in different trimesters after the pandemic and to examine their relationship with psychological resilience. Methods: A total of 250 women were included in the study, including 125 pregnant women and 125 healthy controls. The participants were divided into three groups according to their trimester of pregnancy. The Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), the Epidemic Disease Anxiety Scale (EDAS) and the Short Psychological Resilience Scale (SPRS) were used to measure depression, anxiety, stress and psychological resilience. Results: Pregnant women had significantly higher DASS-21 total scores [19 (4–42) ] than healthy controls [11 (1–42) ], P = 0.001. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 23.2%, 44% and 20% respectively in pregnant women compared to 12.8%, 31.2% and 9.6% in healthy controls. DASS-21 total scores were highest in the 1st (21.2 ± 5.8) and 3rd (22.8 ± 8.9) trimesters and lowest in the 2nd (16.1 ± 6.9) trimesters. The DASS-21 total score was positively correlated with the EDAS total score and the pandemic perception subscale. SPRS total score was negatively correlated with anxiety, stress and DASS-21 total score. Conclusion: Pregnant women experienced higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and pandemic anxiety than non-pregnant women in the post-pandemic period. Psychological resilience was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnant women. These findings indicate that the pandemic negatively affects the mental health of pregnant women and the importance of providing psychological support services to protect their mental health.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 psychologie   MeSH
• duševní zdraví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychická odolnost MeSH
• strach psychologie   MeSH
• těhotné ženy * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinická studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Animal and human ancestors developed complex physiological and behavioral response systems to cope with two types of threats: immediate physical harm from predators or conspecifics, triggering fear, and the risk of infections from parasites and pathogens leading to the evolution of the behavioral immune system with disgust as the key emotion. Integration of the evolutionary concepts of the fear module and behavioral immune systems has been infrequent, despite the significant survival advantages of disgust in various contexts. Studies comparing attention to ancestral and modern threats accompanied by fear have yielded ambiguous results and what qualifies as salient modern disgusting stimuli remains unclear. We do not know whether disgust or the behavioral immune system, as inherent aspects of human psychology, have adapted to safeguard us from pandemic risks or poisoning by modern toxic substances. METHODS: To test these effects, we have developed a survey comprised of 60 short vignettes describing threats evoking fear and disgust belonging to one of the three main categories of threats: (1) ancestral (phylogenetic), (2) modern (ontogenetic), and (3) pandemics of airborne disease. Each vignette was evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale based on fear, disgust, and anger. In total, 660 respondents completed the survey. The data were analysed using a factor analysis and general linear model with the respondent as a random factor. RESULTS: The results show that the strongest fear is triggered by modern threats (electricity, car accidents), while the highest disgust is evoked by ancient threats (body waste products, worms, etc.). Interestingly, disgust does not respond to modern threat stimuli such as toxic substances or radioactivity as these evoke mainly fear and anger. Finally, a distinct response pattern was found for pandemic threats, in which both fear (e.g., of disease and death) and disgust (e.g., of used face masks) are employed. DISCUSSION: Our study offers valuable insights into the emotional responses to ancestral and modern threats and their adaptation to pandemic challenges. Ancestral threats are not always more powerful stimuli than adequate threats of the modern type, but they function specifically. Thus, snakes and heights as fear-inducing ancestral threats form separate factors in a multivariate analysis, whereas all ancestral disgust stimuli group together. The threat of a pandemic forms a specific category and people process it emotionally and cognitively. These insights contribute to our understanding of human psychology and behavior in an ever-changing world.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Threats to our survival are often posed by the environment in which humans have evolved or live today. Animal and human ancestors developed complex physiological and behavioral response systems to cope with two types of threats: immediate physical harm from predators or conspecifics, triggering fear, and the risk of infections from parasites and pathogens leading to the evolution of the behavioral immune system (BIS) with disgust as the key emotion. Here we ask whether the BIS has adapted to protect us from pandemic risks or poisoning by modern toxic substances. METHODS: We have developed a survey comprised of 60 vignettes describing threats evoking fear and disgust belonging to one of the three main categories of threats: (1) ancestral, (2) modern, and (3) pandemic of airborne disease. Each vignette was evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale based on fear, disgust, and anger. Respondents also completed an assessment battery. RESULTS: The results show that the strongest fear is triggered by modern threats (electricity, car accidents), while the highest disgust is evoked by ancient threats (body waste products, worms). Disgust does not respond to modern threat stimuli such as toxic substances or radioactivity as these evoke mainly fear and anger. A discriminant factor analysis classified nine out of 10 pandemic disgust vignettes into the ancestral disgust category, convincingly assigning the pandemic disgust threats to the ancestral type. Gender, age, and type of education were significant moderators of emotional responses across all threat categories. DISCUSSION: Our study reveals that while fear is more context-dependent, particularly triggered by modern threats, disgust operates on an evolutionarily hardwired basis, making it less effective against contemporary risks. Furthermore, disgust experienced during a pandemic outbreak is more closely aligned with ancestral disgust-related threats tapping into evolutionary ancient survival circuits of the BIS. However, as disgust declines with age, the brain must adaptatively shift the emotional processing from disgust to fear to protect older adults from contamination risks. Finally, our study reveals that pandemic fear is better predicted by specific behaviors rather than general anxiety, suggesting a need for new assessments.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• emoce * MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoc * psychologie   MeSH
• psychický distres MeSH
• strach psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies in recent years. However, immune-related adverse events (irAE) are a frequent concern in clinical practice. The safety profile of ICI for the treatment of malignancies in patients diagnosed with autoimmune and cholestatic liver disease (AILD) remains unclear. Due to this uncertainty, these patients were excluded from ICI clinical trials and ICI are withheld from this patient group. In this retrospective multicenter study, we assessed the safety of ICI in patients with AILD. METHODS: We contacted tertiary referral hospitals for the identification of AILD patients under ICI treatment in Europe via the European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER). Fourteen centers contributed data on AILD patients with malignancies being treated with ICI, another three centers did not treat these patients with ICI due to fear of irAEs. RESULTS: In this study, 22 AILD patients under ICI treatment could be identified. Among these patients, 12 had primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), five had primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), four had autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and one patient had an AIH-PSC variant syndrome. Eleven patients had hepatobiliary cancers and the other 11 patients presented with non-hepatic tumors. The applied ICIs were atezolizumab (n=7), durvalumab (n=5), pembrolizumab (n=4), nivolumab (n=4), spartalizumab (n=1), and in one case combined immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Among eight patients who presented with grade 1 or 2 irAEs, three demonstrated liver irAEs. Cases with grades ≥ 3 irAEs were not reported. No significant changes in liver tests were observed during the first year after the start of ICI. DISCUSSION: This European multicenter study demonstrates that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors appear to be safe in patients with AILD. Further studies on the safety of more potent dual immune checkpoint therapy are needed. We conclude that immunotherapy should not categorically be withheld from patients with AILD.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD274 MeSH
• antigeny CD279 MeSH
• autoimunitní hepatitida * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• cholestáza * MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory * MeSH
• nivolumab škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Přehledová studie hledá odpověď na otázku Jaké jsou zkušenosti vyspělých zemí s využíváním sociálních sítí a internetu pro přesvědčování laiků, že očkování je relativně bezpečné, účinné a je přínosem pro celou populaci dané země? Sociální sítě a internet totiž nepředstavují jen hrozbu v podobě různých platforem odpůrců očkování, ale také nové příležitosti, jak mohou zdravotníci i příznivci očkování-laici přístupnou formou reagovat na váhání laiků nad očkováním i na dezinformace, které se veřejnosti předkládají. Studie má tři části. První část přibližuje překážky, které brání zdravotníkům propagovat očkování na sociálních sítích. Základní problém spočívá v tom, že odpůrci očkování získali časový náskok. Začali rychle využívat sociální sítě jako účinnou platformu pro šíření dezinformací a strachu z očkování. Zdravotnické instituce dlouho váhaly a nyní zpoždění obtížně dohánějí (těžko drží krok s technologickými inovacemi, nemají dostatečnou podporu managementu, zdržují je vícestupňové schvalovací procesy apod.). Druhá část se zabývá využitím sociálních sítí pro podporu očkování. Ukazuje se, že nejúčinnější je živý dialog s laiky na sociálních sítích, včetně přímých odpovědí na jejich otázky. Při přesvědčování veřejnosti je třeba kombinovat různé intervenční přístupy a nepředpokládat, že univerzální postup bude nejvhodnější. Z jazykového hlediska jsou příspěvky odmítající očkování psány jednodušeji a srozumitelněji než odborné příspěvky zdravotníků. Z toho by se měli zdravotníci poučit. Třetí část se zajímá o podobu polemik mezi laickými příznivci a odpůrci očkování na sociálních sítích. Český výzkum například zjistil, že polarizace postojů mívá tři podoby: 1. polarizace pomocí „nálepkování“ protivníků, 2. polarizace prostřednictvím dichotomie „společnost versus jedinec“, 3. polarizace pomocí dichotomie „rozum versus iracionalita“.

This systematic review aims to report currently available familiarities in developed countries regarding the employment of social media and the internet to effectively persuade laypeople about the safety of vaccines. Given it possession of multiple anti-vaccination platforms and campaigns, social media platforms and the internet may in fact pose as a greater source discouragement for a layperson. On the other hand, they can also serve as a new opportunity for health professionals and lay vaccination supporters alike to respond in an accessible form to laypeople vaccine hesitation as well as react to misinformation given to the public in a timely matter. The following study consists of three parts. The first part describes the hindrances that prevent health professionals from promoting vaccination on social media. The underlying problem is that vaccine opponents have gained a time advantage. Early on, they began using social media as an effective platform to spread misinformation and fear of vaccination. Health organizations however have fallen behind as they hesitated for a long time and now it seems difficult to catch up with new modes of communication (difficulties to keep up with technological innovations, lack of management support delayed by multi-stage approval processes, etc.). The second part deals with the use of social media in vaccination promotion. Live conversations with laypeople on social media including direct answers to their questions prove to be the most effective way. To be able to persuade the public, different interventional approaches need to be combined. A one-size-fits-all approach cannot be considered as the most effective form. From a linguistic point of view, influences against vaccination are written more simply and comprehensibly than the inputs of health professionals. Which should certainly be considered by health workers in the future. The third part focuses on the form of controversies between lay supporters and opponents of vaccination in social media. For example, Czech research has found that opposition of attitudes tends to take three forms: 1. opposition by “stigmatizing” opponents, 2. opposition by “majority? versus individual” dichotomy, 3. opposition by “reason versus irrationality” dichotomy.

• MeSH
• internet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• sociální sítě * MeSH
• vakcinace * MeSH
• zdravotní výchova MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Podľa rozšíreného imunizačného programu SZO (EPI – Expanded Programme on Immunization) dosahuje globálna preočkovanosť proti najčastejším 11 infekčným ochoreniam len asi 70 %. Rôzne antivakcinačné aktivity sú príčinou nižšej preočkovanosti aj v rozvinutých krajinách. Dôvodom sú obavy z nežiaducich vedľajších účinkov: od ľahkých prejavov (bolesť, teplota, preťaženie imunitného systému dieťaťa a následné ochorenie) cez komplikácie typu encefalopatie, autoimunitných fenoménov až po úmrtie. V súčasnosti spĺňajú vakcíny prísne kritériá účinnosti a bezpečnosti, vďaka nižšiemu počtu antigénov a širšiemu spektru chorôb majú menej nežiaducich reakcií a zníženým počtom injekcií kombinovaných vakcín menej zaťažujú dieťa i rodičov.

According to EPI – Expanded Program on Immunization the global revaccination against the most frequent 11 infection diseases is about 70 %. Various antivaccination activities are the cause of lower revaccination in developed countries resulted from fear of side effects: from mild symptoms (pain, temperature, child immune system exhaustion resulting in disease) to encelophalopathy, autoimmune phenomenon and death. Present vaccines meet very strict criteria of effectiveness, safety, they have less side effects in spite of wider spectrum of illnesses and by lower number of combined vaccines injections they are less load for a child and for parents, too.