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BACKGROUND: The distribution of time across physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep appears to be essential for the management of obesity. However, the impact of reallocating time among these behaviors, collectively known as 24-h movement behaviors, remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the theoretical effects of reallocating time between 24-h movement behaviors on obesity indicators across different age groups. METHODS: We performed a pooled data meta-analysis of 9818 participants from 11 observational and experimental studies. To estimate the time spent in movement behaviors, we reprocessed and harmonized individual-level raw accelerometer-derived data. Isotemporal substitution models estimated theoretical changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) associated with time reallocation between movement behaviors. We performed the analysis separately for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. RESULTS: Even minor reallocations of 10 min led to significant changes in obesity indicators, with pronounced effects observed when 30 min were reallocated. The most substantial adverse effects on BMI and WC occurred when moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was reallocated to other movement behaviors. For 30-min reallocations, the largest increase in BMI (or BMI z-score for children) occurred when MVPA was reallocated to light-intensity physical activity (LPA) in children (0.26 units, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15, 0.37) and to sedentary behavior (SB) in adults (0.72 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.47, 0.96) and older adults (0.73 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.59, 0.87). The largest increase in WC was observed when MVPA was substituted with LPA in adults (2.66 cm, 95% CI 1.42, 3.90) and with SB in older adults (2.43 cm, 95% CI 2.07, 2.79). Conversely, the highest magnitude of the decrease in obesity indicators was observed when SB was substituted with MVPA. Specifically, substituting 30 min of SB with MVPA was associated with a decrease in BMI z-score by - 0.15 units (95% CI - 0.21, - 0.10) in children and lower BMI by - 0.56 kg/m2 (95% CI - 0.74, - 0.39) in adults and by - 0.52 kg/m2 (95% CI - 0.61, - 0.43) in older adults. Reallocating time away from sleep and LPA showed several significant changes but lacked a consistent pattern. While the predicted changes in obesity indicators were generally consistent across age groups, inconsistent findings were observed in adolescents, particularly for reallocations between MVPA and other behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation emphasizes the crucial role of MVPA in mitigating obesity risk across the lifespan, and the benefit of substituting SB with low-intensity movement behaviors. The distinct patterns observed in adolescents suggest a need for age-specific lifestyle interventions to effectively address obesity. Emphasizing manageable shifts, such as 10-min reallocations, could have significant public health implications, promoting sustainable lifestyle changes that accommodate individuals with diverse needs, including those with severe obesity.
- MeSH
- akcelerometrie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cvičení * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
- léčba obezity * metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- obezita * MeSH
- obvod pasu MeSH
- sedavý životní styl * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spánek MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
In the presented study, the cells of the glacial alga Ancylonema alaskanum collected in the Austrian Alps were analyzed. Algae were imaged both in their natural environment and in laboratory conditions using transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. Using appropriate fluorochromes, the cell wall and cell organelles were studied. Oval nuclei located in the middle of the cell next to the chloroplasts and active mitochondria as well as lipid thylakoids of chloroplasts were imaged. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the algal cell wall was not significantly differentiated, and atomic force microscope imaging recorded little roughness. The SEM EDS analysis revealed that carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and magnesium were the main components of the cells. It is worth emphasizing that the analyzed living algal cells were obtained directly from the glacier surface and demonstrated normal respiratory processes i.e. undisturbed physiological functions. Additionally, the mineral material accompanying the cells in their natural environment - fragments of the rock were imaged by Differential Interference Contrast microscopy and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The study provides new data on the morphology and physicochemical characteristics of A. alaskanum, contributing to a more comprehensive characterization of their place in this harsh ecosystem.
- MeSH
- ledový příkrov * MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- spektroskopie infračervená s Fourierovou transformací MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rakousko MeSH
This paper describes a compact video-ophthalmoscope (VO) designed for capturing retinal video sequences of the optic nerve head (ONH) under flicker light stimulation. The device uses an OLED display and a fiber optic-coupled LED light source, enabling high-frame-rate video at low illumination intensity (12 μW/cm2). Retinal responses were recorded in 10 healthy subjects during flicker light exposure with a pupil irradiance of 2 μW/cm2. Following 20 s of stimulation, all subjects displayed changes in retinal reflectance and pulsation attenuation, linked to blood flow and volume variations. These findings suggest that increased blood volume leads to decreased retinal reflectance. Temporal analysis confirmed the ability to capture flicker-induced retinal reflectance changes, indicating its potential for spatial and temporal analysis. Overall, this device offers a portable approach for investigating dynamic retinal responses to light stimuli, which can aid the diagnosis of retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or neurodegenerative diseases affecting retinal blood circulation.
- MeSH
- audiovizuální záznam * přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- oftalmoskopy * MeSH
- retina * účinky záření fyziologie MeSH
- světelná stimulace * MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Repairing and regenerating damaged tissues or organs, and restoring their functioning has been the ultimate aim of medical innovations. 'Reviving healthcare' blends tissue engineering with alternative techniques such as hydrogels, which have emerged as vital tools in modern medicine. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a practical manufacturing revolution that uses building strategies like molding as a viable solution for precise hydrogel manufacturing. Recent advances in this technology have led to the successful manufacturing of hydrogels with enhanced reproducibility, accuracy, precision, and ease of fabrication. Hydrogels continue to metamorphose as the vital compatible bio-ink matrix for AM. AM hydrogels have paved the way for complex 3D/4D hydrogels that can be loaded with drugs or cells. Bio-mimicking 3D cell cultures designed via hydrogel-based AM is a groundbreaking in-vivo assessment tool in biomedical trials. This brief review focuses on preparations and applications of additively manufactured hydrogels in the biomedical spectrum, such as targeted drug delivery, 3D-cell culture, numerous regenerative strategies, biosensing, bioprinting, and cancer therapies. Prevalent AM techniques like extrusion, inkjet, digital light processing, and stereo-lithography have been explored with their setup and methodology to yield functional hydrogels. The perspectives, limitations, and the possible prospects of AM hydrogels have been critically examined in this study.
- MeSH
- 3D tisk MeSH
- bioprinting metody MeSH
- buněčné kultury MeSH
- hydrogely * chemie MeSH
- lékové transportní systémy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- techniky 3D buněčné kultury metody MeSH
- tkáňové inženýrství * metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Pokroky v perinatálnej a neonatálnej starostlivosti viedli a vedú k zvýšeniu prežívania predčasne narodených novorodencov. Napriek tomu je táto skupina novorodencov naďalej vystavená významnému riziku rozvoja najčastejších život ohrozujúcich komplikácií, ako sú intraventrikulárne krvácanie, nekrotizujúca enterokolitída, retinopatia nedonosených detí a anémia predčasne narodených novorodencov. Anémia predčasne narodených detí je spôsobená kombináciou viacerých faktorov: nižšou hodnotou hemoglobín pri narodení, krátkou priemernou dĺžkou života červených krviniek, zníženou produkciou endogénneho erytropoetínu, pridruženými zdravotnými komplikáciami a častými odbermi krvi. Súhrnný článok sumarizuje informácie o adaptácii erytropoézy, príčiny anémie nezrelých, možnosti jej diagnostiky, prevencie a liečby vo svetle súčasnej literatúry.
Anemia of prematurity (AOP) Advances in perinatal and neonatal care have led and continue to increase the survival of premature newborns. Nevertheless, this group of newborns remains at significant risk of developing the most common life-threatening complications, such as intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and anemia of prematurity. Anemia of premature babies is caused by a combination of several factors: lower hemoglobin value at birth, short average life span of red blood cells, reduced production of endogenous erythropoietin, associated medical complications and frequent blood sampling. The summary article summarizes information about the adaptation of erythropoiesis, the causes of anemia of prematurity, the possibilities of its diagnosis, prevention and treatment in the light of current literature.
Environmental screening is essential due to the increased occurrence of harmful substances in the environment. Open Meter Duo (OMD) is an open-source field photo/fluorimeter that uses an RGB diode that imitates a color according to the selected wavelength and uses a UV LED from the security kit diode as an excitation light source. The prepared PCB shield with a 3D-printed aperture was connected to Arduino UNO R4 WiFi. This system was used for the fluorescent detection of cholinesterase activity with the indoxyl acetate method. Carbofuran-a toxic pesticide-and donepezil-a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease-were tested as model inhibitors of cholinesterase activity. The limit of detection of indoxyl acetate was 11.6 μmol/L, and the IC50 values of the inhibitors were evaluated. This system is optimized for wireless use in field analysis with added cloud support and power source. The time of analysis was 5 min for the fluorimetric assay and 20 min for the optional photometric assay. The time of field operation was approximately 4 h of continuous measurement. This system is ready to be used as a cheap and easy control platform for portable use in drug control and point-of-care testing.
SIGNIFICANCE: Over more than 300 years, microscopic imaging keeps providing fundamental insights into the mechanisms of living organisms. Seeing microscopic structures beyond the reach of free-space light-based microscopy, however, requires dissection of the tissue-an intervention seriously disturbing its physiological functions. The hunt for low-invasiveness tools has led a growing community of physicists and engineers into the realm of complex media photonics. One of its activities represents exploiting multimode optical fibers (MMFs) as ultra-thin endoscopic probes. Employing wavefront shaping, these tools only recently facilitated the first peeks at cells and their sub-cellular compartments at the bottom of the mouse brain with the impact of micro-scale tissue damage. AIM: Here, we aim to highlight advances in MMF-based holographic endo-microscopy facilitating microscopic imaging throughout the whole depth of the mouse brain. APPROACH: We summarize the important technical and methodological prerequisites for stabile high-resolution imaging in vivo. RESULTS: We showcase images of the microscopic building blocks of brain tissue, including neurons, neuronal processes, vessels, intracellular calcium signaling, and red blood cell velocity in individual vessels. CONCLUSIONS: This perspective article helps to understand the complexity behind the technology of holographic endo-microscopy, summarizes its recent advances and challenges, and stimulates the mind of the reader for further exploitation of this tool in the neuroscience research.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The study aimed to investigate changes in the eye axial length in juvenile guinea pigs and the expression of scleral specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and collagen type I (Col-I) under different light environments with varying spectral composition. The animals were randomly divided into five groups: natural light (N), LED light with a low colour temperature (L), E light (E), Fulia light (F), and Gulia light (G). Axial lengths were measured every two weeks, and the expression of Sp1 and Col-I in the sclera was assessed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-qPCR. After 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of light exposure, the L and G groups showed considerably longer axial lengths than the N group, with the L group exhibiting significantly longer axial lengths compared with the E and F groups. The protein and mRNA expression levels of Sp1 and Col-I, ranked from highest to lowest, were as follows: N, E, F, G, and L. The expression of Sp1 and Col-I was positively correlated, but both were negatively correlated with the length of the eye axis. The E group demonstrated higher Sp1 and Col-I expression than the other artificial light groups. Artificial light with a continuous, full spectrum lacking peaks and valleys can inhibit the elongation of the eye axis in juvenile guinea pigs and has a protective effect against myopia. There may be a certain relationship between Sp1 and Col-I, and the transforming growth factor-β1-Sp1-Col-I signalling pathway may play a crucial role in myopic scleral extracellular matrix remodelling.
- MeSH
- axiální délka oka MeSH
- kolagen typu I * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- messenger RNA metabolismus genetika MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- myopie metabolismus genetika patologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- skléra * metabolismus MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- transkripční faktor Sp1 * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- morčata MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Efficient absorbance detection of a low-volume chromatography peak is a difficult task. In this work, an improved design of the fused silica capillary flow cell for absorbance detection in microcolumn liquid chromatography is described. The cell was fabricated from 0.15 mm I. D. fused silica capillary and silica optical fibres. Optical fibres were fully integrated into the cell design and enabled a convenient and effective connection of the cell with the light source and light detector (265 nm UV LED and photodiode in this work). Manufactured cells covered the range of physical lengths 3.1-9.9 mm (55-175 nL) and were used without any focusing optics and slits. Baseline noise was typically below 0.05 mAU and the effective optical path determined in the experiments was 83-97% of the cell's physical length. The level of stray (parasitic) light indicated by a 1% deviation from linearity at 1.7 AU was 0.08% only. The proposed cell design was found to be moderately susceptible to the refractive index change (20-35 mAU baseline change in 5-95% (v/v) gradient of acetonitrile or methanol in a mixture with water, G index up to 4 AU·s/RIU). Manufactured cells were finally applied for absorbance detection of components of test the mixture eluted off 0.3 mm I. D. microcolumn. 9.9 mm cell (175 nL) with an effective optical path of 8.9 mm exhibited contribution to the broadening of chromatography peak comparable with commercial 6 mm (80 nL) rectangular flow cell.
- MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- obchod MeSH
- optická vlákna * MeSH
- oxid křemičitý * MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Antibody-mediated targeting is an efficient strategy to enhance the specificity and selectivity of polymer nanomedicines towards the target site, typically a tumor. However, direct covalent coupling of an antibody with a polymer usually results in a partial damage of the antibody binding site accompanied with a compromised biological activity. Here, an original solution based on well-defined non-covalent interactions between tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (trisNTA) and hexahistidine (His-tag) groups, purposefully introduced to the structure of each macromolecule, is described. Specifically, trisNTA groups were attached along the chains of a hydrophilic statistical copolymer based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), and at the end or along the chains of thermo-responsive di-block copolymers based on N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) and HPMA; His-tag was incorporated to the structure of a recombinant single chain fragment of an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (scFv-GD2). Static and dynamic light scattering analyses confirmed that mixing of polymer with scFv-GD2 led to the formation of polymer/scFv-GD2 complexes; those prepared from thermo-responsive polymers formed stable micelles at 37 °C. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy clearly demonstrated antigen-specific binding of the prepared complexes to GD2 positive murine T-cell lymphoma cells EL-4 and human neuroblastoma cells UKF-NB3, while no interaction with GD2 negative murine fibroblast cells NIH-3T3 was observed. These non-covalent polymer protein complexes represent a new generation of highly specific actively targeted polymer therapeutics or diagnostics.
