Harvard Graphics 3.0 - průvodce programem. Grafická prezentace dat, schémata, animace.

Both soil organic matter and sulfur (S) can reduce or even suppress mercury (Hg) mobility and bioavailability in soil. A batch incubation experiment was conducted with a Chernozem and a Luvisol artificially contaminated by 440 mg · kg(-1) Hg showing wide differences in their physicochemical properties and available nutrients. The individual treatments were (i) digestate from the anaerobic fermentation of biowaste; (ii) fly ash from wood chip combustion; and (iii) ammonium sulfate, and every treatment was added with the same amount of S. The mobile Hg portion in Chernozem was highly reduced by adding digestate, even after 1 day of incubation, compared to control. Meanwhile, the outcome of these treatments was a decrease of mobile Hg forms as a function of incubation time whereas the contents of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and phosphorus (P) were stimulated by the addition of digestate in both soils. The available calcium (Ca) contents were not affected by the digestate addition. The experiment proved digestate application as the efficient measure for fast reduction of mobile Hg at extremely contaminated soils. Moreover, the decrease of the mobile mercury portion was followed by improvement of the nutrient status of the soils.

• MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• mikroživiny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• rtuť analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Photosynthesis research employs several biophysical methods, including the detection of fluorescence. Even though fluorescence is a key method to detect photosynthetic efficiency, it has not been applied/adapted to single-cell confocal microscopy measurements to examine photosynthetic microorganisms. Experiments with photosynthetic cells may require automation to perform a large number of measurements with different parameters, especially concerning light conditions. However, commercial microscopes support custom protocols (through Time Controller offered by Olympus or Experiment Designer offered by Zeiss) that are often unable to provide special set-ups and connection to external devices (e.g., for irradiation). Our new system combining an Arduino microcontroller with the Cell⊕Finder software was developed for controlling Olympus FV1000 and FV1200 confocal microscopes and the attached hardware modules. Our software/hardware solution offers (1) a text file-based macro language to control the imaging functions of the microscope; (2) programmable control of several external hardware devices (light sources, thermal controllers, actuators) during imaging via the Arduino microcontroller; (3) the Cell⊕Finder software with ergonomic user environment, a fast selection method for the biologically important cells and precise positioning feature that reduces unwanted bleaching of the cells by the scanning laser. Cell⊕Finder can be downloaded from http://www.alga.cz/cellfinder. The system was applied to study changes in fluorescence intensity in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 cells under long-term illumination. Thus, we were able to describe the kinetics of phycobilisome decoupling. Microscopy data showed that phycobilisome decoupling appears slowly after long-term (>1 h) exposure to high light.

• MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• laboratorní automatizace přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• osvětlení MeSH
• software MeSH
• Synechocystis chemie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Recently, we have found that thermal stability of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in spruce needles is higher than in other plants (barley, beech) cultivated under the same temperatures. In this work, temperature dependences of various characteristics of PSII organization were studied in order to obtain complex information on the thermal stability of PSII function and organization in spruce. Temperature dependency of circular dichroism spectra revealed by about 6 °C higher thermal stability of macrodomain organization in spruce thylakoid membranes in comparison with Arabidopsis and barley ones; however, thermal disintegration of light-harvesting complex of PSII did not significantly differ among the species studied. These results thus indicate that thermal stability of PSII macro-organization in spruce thylakoid membranes is enhanced to a similar extent as thermal stability of PSII photochemistry. Clear-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of preheated thylakoids demonstrated that among the separated pigment-protein complexes, only PSII supercomplexes (SCs) revealed considerably higher thermal stability in spruce thylakoids as compared to Arabidopsis and barley ones. Hence we suggest that higher thermal stability of PSII macro-organization of spruce is influenced by the maintenance of PSII SCs in the thylakoid membrane. In addition, we discuss possible effects of different PSII organizations and lipid compositions on the thermal stability of spruce thylakoid membranes.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• chlorofyl fyziologie   MeSH
• cirkulární dichroismus MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• fotosystém II (proteinový komplex) fyziologie   MeSH
• ječmen (rod) cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• smrk cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• tylakoidy fyziologie   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Non-centrosomal microtubule bundles play important roles in cellular organization and function. Although many diverse proteins are known that can bundle microtubules, biochemical mechanisms by which cells could locally control the nucleation and formation of microtubule bundles are understudied. Here, we demonstrate that the concentration of tubulin into a condensed, liquid-like compartment composed of the unstructured neuronal protein tau is sufficient to nucleate microtubule bundles. We show that, under conditions of macro-molecular crowding, tau forms liquid-like drops. Tubulin partitions into these drops, efficiently increasing tubulin concentration and driving the nucleation of microtubules. These growing microtubules form bundles, which deform the drops while remaining enclosed by diffusible tau molecules exhibiting a liquid-like behavior. Our data suggest that condensed compartments of microtubule bundling proteins could promote the local formation of microtubule bundles in neurons by acting as non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation centers and that liquid-like tau encapsulation could provide both stability and plasticity to long axonal microtubule bundles.

• MeSH
• cytoskelet metabolismus   MeSH
• FRAP MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrotubuly metabolismus   MeSH
• protein - isoformy metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny tau metabolismus   MeSH
• tubulin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cytogenetické vyšetření metody   využití   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• elektromyografie využití   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• histologie srovnávací MeSH
• kreatinkinasa analýza   diagnostické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy nervosvalového přenosu diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Poor neuromuscular control and fatigue have been proposed as a risk factor for non-contact injuries especially around peak height velocity (PHV). This study explored the effects of competitive soccer match-play on neuromuscular performance and muscle damage in male youth soccer players. 24 youth players aged 13-16y were split into a PHV group (-0.5 to 0.5y) and post PHV group (1.0-2.5y) based on maturity off-set. Leg stiffness, reactive strength index (RSI), muscle activation, creatine kinase (CK), and muscle soreness were determined pre and post a competitive soccer match. Paired t-tests were used to explore differences pre and post competitive match play and independent sample t-tests for between groups differences for all outcome measures. There was no significant fatigue-related change in absolute and relative leg stiffness or muscle activation in both groups, except for the gastrocnemius in the post PHV group. RSI, CK and perceived muscle soreness were significantly different after soccer match-play in both groups with small to large effects observed (ES:0.41-2.82). There were no significant differences between the groups pre match-play except for absolute and relative leg stiffness (P < 0.001; ES = 1.16 and 0.63 respectively). No significant differences were observed in the fatigue related responses to competitive match play between groups except for perceived muscle soreness. The influence of competitive match-play on neuromuscular function and muscle damage is similar in male youth around the time of PHV and those post-PHV indicating that other factors must contribute to the heightened injury risk around PHV.

• MeSH
• fotbal * MeSH
• kompetitivní chování MeSH
• kosterní svaly patofyziologie   MeSH
• kreatinkinasa krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• myalgie patofyziologie   MeSH
• sport pro děti a mládež MeSH
• sportovní výkon * MeSH
• svalová únava * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• adenosintrifosfatasy metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• glutamátdehydrogenasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glyceraldehyd-3-fosfátdehydrogenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• hypertrofie enzymologie   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kreatinkinasa metabolismus   MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• laktátdehydrogenasy metabolismus   MeSH
• lyasy metabolismus   MeSH
• malátdehydrogenasa metabolismus   MeSH
• nemoci svalů etiologie   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• svalová kontrakce MeSH
• svaly enzymologie   chirurgie   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH

Selenium (Se) is a natural trace element, which shifts its action in a relatively narrow concentration range from nutritional role to toxicity. Although it has been well established that in plants chloroplasts are among the primary targets, the mechanism of toxicity on photosynthesis is not well understood. Here, we compared selenate and red-allotrope elemental selenium nanoparticles (red nanoSe) in in vitro tobacco cultures to investigate their effects on the structure and functions of the photosynthetic machinery. Selenate at 10 mg/L concentration retarded plant growth; it also led to a decreased chlorophyll content, accompanied with an increase in the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Structural examinations of the photosynthetic machinery, using electron microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering and circular dichroism spectroscopy, revealed significant perturbation in the macro-organization of the pigment-protein complexes and sizeable shrinkage in the repeat distance of granum thylakoid membranes. As shown by chlorophyll a fluorescence transient measurements, these changes in the ultrastructure were associated with a significantly diminished photosystem II activity and a reduced performance of the photosynthetic electron transport, and an enhanced capability of non-photochemical quenching. These changes in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus explain, at least in part, the retarded growth of plantlets in the presence of 10 mg/L selenate. In contrast, red nanoSe, even at 100 mg/L and selenate at 1 mg/L, exerted no negative effect on the growth of plantlets and affected only marginally the thylakoid membrane ultrastructure and the photosynthetic functions.

• MeSH
• chlorofyl metabolismus   MeSH
• chloroplasty metabolismus   MeSH
• cirkulární dichroismus MeSH
• fotosyntéza fyziologie   MeSH
• kyselina selenová metabolismus   MeSH
• nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• tabák metabolismus   MeSH
• tylakoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Jaterní cirhóza (ci) není jednotně definována dosud ani morfologicky, byť existuje shoda v základních změnách tkáně. Spornými jsou zejména „regenerační“ uzly a prognosticky příznivá transformace mikronodulů v makronoduly. Diagnosticky pochybným prvkem ci se jeví nodulace okem patrná. V klinické diagnostice ci unikají případy ci s hladkým povrchem. Měla by se tedy diagnostika ci zakládat na dříve uznávaném pseudolobulu, histologicky typickém ostrůvku parenchymu- minimálně dva v bioptickémpreparátu (s vědomím,že můžemimořezné roviny ještě souviset s parenchymem podle nálezů síťovité struktury nodulizovaných jater). Nedořešenou zůstává i základní architektonika jater, neboť jednobuněčné muralium se zdá jen jednou z mezních struktur, podle našich zkušeností méně častou než dvojbuněčné trámce; obvyklá je přítomnost směsi jednobuněčných a dvojbuněčných struktur, do nichž jsou hepatocyty seřazeny. Pro posouzení regenerace hepatocytů v ci se spolehlivějšími než histologická kritéria jeví nálezy Ki-67, PCNA apod.

Liver cirrhosis is not yet uniformly defined even from morphological aspects, although there is agreement in basic tissue changes involved. The conflicting features include particularly the so-called regeneration nodes and a prognosis-related favourable transformation of micro-nodules in macro-nodules. The nodulation visible by eye remains a doubtful feature in diagnosis.The cases of cirrhosis with a smooth surface escape clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis should be therefore based on the previously acknowledged pseudolobulus, a histologically typical island of parenchyma (at least two in the biopsy preparation) considering the possibility that it may be connected with parenchyma outside the plane of cut (according to net structure of nodule-like reconstructed liver). The basic architectonics of the liver is not yet fully recognized, since a unicellular muralium appears to be one of extreme structures, less frequent than bi-cellular trabeculae according to our experience; the organization of hepatocytes in a mixture of unicellular and bi-cellular plates appear to be commonly present. For the evaluation of regeneration of hepatocytes in cirrhosis the findings of Ki-67, PCNA, etc. appear to be more reliable than histological criteria.

• MeSH
• antigen Ki-67 MeSH
• diagnóza MeSH
• jaterní cirhóza diagnóza   patologie   MeSH
• regenerace jater MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH