Neocortex
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In the mammalian neocortex, the calcium-binding protein calretinin is expressed in a subset of cortical interneurons. In the recent years, research on interneurons is one of the most rapidly growing fields in neuroscience. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of the functions of calretinin in neuronal homeostasis and particularly of the distribution, connectivity and physiological properties of calretinin expressing interneurons in the neocortex of rodents and primates, including humans. The possible neuroprotective role of calretinin and the presumed “resistance” of calretinin-expressing interneurons to various pathological processes are also discussed.
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- homeostáza fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neokortex cytologie fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- S100 kalcium vázající protein G fyziologie MeSH
- savci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Neocortex expansion during human evolution provides a basis for our enhanced cognitive abilities. Yet, which genes implicated in neocortex expansion are actually responsible for higher cognitive abilities is unknown. The expression of human-specific ARHGAP11B in embryonic/foetal mouse, ferret and marmoset neocortex was previously found to promote basal progenitor proliferation, upper-layer neuron generation and neocortex expansion during development, features commonly thought to contribute to increased cognitive abilities. However, a key question is whether this phenotype persists into adulthood and if so, whether cognitive abilities are indeed increased. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line with physiological ARHGAP11B expression that exhibits increased neocortical size and upper-layer neuron numbers persisting into adulthood. Adult ARHGAP11B-transgenic mice showed altered neurobehaviour, notably increased memory flexibility and a reduced anxiety level. Our data are consistent with the notion that neocortex expansion by ARHGAP11B, a gene implicated in human evolution, underlies some of the altered neurobehavioural features observed in the transgenic mice, such as the increased memory flexibility, a neocortex-associated trait, with implications for the increase in cognitive abilities during human evolution.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši transgenní MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neokortex metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- neurogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- neurony metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- proliferace buněk fyziologie MeSH
- proteiny aktivující GTPasu metabolismus MeSH
- úzkost metabolismus patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in the mammalian neocortex is expressed in a subpopulation of cortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. PV - producing interneurons represent the largest subpopulation of neocortical inhibitory cells, exhibit mutual chemical and electrical synaptic contacts and are well known to generate gamma oscillation. This review summarizes basic data of the distribution, afferent and efferent connections and physiological properties of parvalbumin expressing neurons in the neocortex. Basic data about participation of PV-positive neurons in cortical microcircuits are presented. Autaptic connections, metabolism and perineuronal nets (PNN) of PV positive neurons are also discussed.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- neokortex fyziologie MeSH
- neuroplasticita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Generation of neurons in the embryonic neocortex is a balanced process of proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Canonical Wnt signalling is crucial for expansion of radial glial cells in the ventricular zone and for differentiation of intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone. We detected abundant expression of two transcrtiption factors mediating canonical Wnt signalling, Tcf7L1 and Tcf7L2, in the ventricular zone of the embryonic neocortex. Conditional knock-out analysis showed that Tcf7L2, but not Tcf7L1, is the principal Wnt mediator important for maintenance of progenitor cell identity in the ventricular zone. In the absence of Tcf7L2, the Wnt activity is reduced, ventricular zone markers Pax6 and Sox2 are downregulated and the neuroepithelial structure is severed due to the loss of apical adherens junctions. This results in decreased proliferation of radial glial cells, the reduced number of intermediate progenitors in the subventricular zone and hypoplastic forebrain. Our data show that canonical Wnt signalling, which is essential for determining the neuroepithelial character of the neocortical ventricular zone, is mediated by Tcf7L2.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace genetika MeSH
- chlorid-hydrogenuhličitanové antiportéry MeSH
- down regulace genetika MeSH
- embryo savčí MeSH
- hipokampus cytologie embryologie MeSH
- mutace genetika MeSH
- myši transgenní MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neokortex cytologie embryologie MeSH
- nervové kmenové buňky fyziologie MeSH
- neurogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- neuroglie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- počet buněk MeSH
- proliferace buněk genetika MeSH
- protein 2 podobný transkripčnímu faktoru 7 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny T-boxu metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny Wnt metabolismus MeSH
- retinální gangliové buňky fyziologie MeSH
- signální transdukce genetika MeSH
- transkripční faktory SOXB1 metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
