Non-ST-segment myocardial infarction
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- MeSH
- chybná diagnóza MeSH
- demografie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektrokardiografie metody MeSH
- infarkt myokardu diagnóza mortalita patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- srdeční arytmie diagnóza mortalita patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination early after myocardial infarction (MI) improves prognosis but vaccine effectiveness may differ dependent on type of MI. METHODS: A total of 2,571 participants were prospectively enrolled in the Influenza vaccination after myocardial infarction (IAMI) trial and randomly assigned to receive in-hospital inactivated influenza vaccine or saline placebo. The trial was conducted at 30 centers in eight countries from October 1, 2016 to March 1, 2020. Here we report vaccine effectiveness in the 2,467 participants with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI, n = 1,348) or non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI, n = 1,119). The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death, MI, or stent thrombosis at 12 months. Cumulative incidence of the primary and key secondary endpoints by randomized treatment and NSTEMI/STEMI was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment effects were evaluated with formal interaction testing to assess for effect modification. RESULTS: Baseline risk was higher in participants with NSTEMI. In the NSTEMI group the primary endpoint occurred in 6.5% of participants assigned to influenza vaccine and 10.5% assigned to placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39-0.91), compared to 4.1% assigned to influenza vaccine and 4.5% assigned to placebo in the STEMI group (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.54-1.50, P = .237 for interaction). Similar findings were seen for the key secondary endpoints of all-cause death and cardiovascular death. The Kaplan-Meier risk difference in all-cause death at one year was more pronounced in participants with NSTEMI (NSTEMI: HR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.28-0.80, STEMI: HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.43-1.70, interaction P = .028). CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effect of influenza vaccination on adverse cardiovascular events may be enhanced in patients with NSTEMI compared to those with STEMI.
- MeSH
- chřipka lidská * komplikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- infarkt myokardu bez ST elevací * komplikace MeSH
- infarkt myokardu s elevacemi ST úseků * terapie komplikace MeSH
- infarkt myokardu * komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- vakcíny proti chřipce * MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- MeSH
- angina pectoris etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- angiografie MeSH
- elektrokardiografie MeSH
- infarkt myokardu * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie MeSH
- koronární cévy * patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spasmus * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- MeSH
- infarkt myokardu diagnóza klasifikace terapie MeSH
- ischemická choroba srdeční farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci diagnóza farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- koronární angiografie metody MeSH
- nestabilní angina pectoris diagnóza farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- syndrom MeSH
- zátěžový test MeSH
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated impact of timing of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and prasugrel pretreatment in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing CABG in the ACCOAST study. METHODS: Of 4033 enrolled patients, 314 (7.8%) underwent isolated CABG through 30 days. Primary efficacy end point for this analysis was any cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, urgent revascularization, or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor bailout through 30 days. RESULTS: More CABG versus percutaneous coronary intervention or medically managed patients were men, diabetic, or had peripheral arterial disease. Per randomization, 157 of 314 patients received a 30-mg prasugrel loading dose before CABG, and 157 of 314 received placebo. Patients were stratified by tertile of time from randomization to CABG: <2.98 days (n = 104), ≥2.98 and <6.95 days (n = 106), and ≥6.95 days (n = 104). Primary end point occurred in 12.5%, 4.7%, and 4.8%, respectively (<2.98 days vs other tertiles, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.80; P = .011). Similarly, the rate of all TIMI major bleeding was highest in the lowest tertile (26.0% vs 10.4% and 4.8%; P < .001), but no difference in all-cause death was observed through 30 days (3.9% vs 1.9% and 1.9%; P = .30). Time from randomization to CABG (HR = 0.84 for each day delay), left main disease (HR = 1.76), region of enrollment (Non-Eastern Europe vs Eastern Europe; HR = 3.83), but not prasugrel pretreatment and baseline troponin ≥3× upper limit of normal, were independent predictors of combined 30-day end point of all-cause death/myocardial infarction/stroke/TIMI major bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: In ACCOAST, early (<2.98 days) surgical revascularization carried increased risk of bleeding and ischemic complications without affecting all-cause mortality through 30 days. Baseline troponin and prasugrel pretreatment did not impact ischemic clinical outcomes.
- MeSH
- elektrokardiografie * MeSH
- infarkt myokardu diagnóza terapie MeSH
- koronární angioplastika metody MeSH
- koronární bypass metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prasugrel hydrochlorid aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- předoperační péče metody MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Akutní koronární syndrom bez ST elevací je diagnózou, která skrývá mnoho klinických stavů stejné etiopatogenezy, avšak s rozmanitým klinickým projevem závislým na mnoha faktorech. Riziko další progrese v dokonaný infarkt myokardu, jeho recidivu nebo úmrtí nemocného se liší u jednotlivých pacientů. Bylo rozpoznáno mnoho rizikových faktorů, které ukazují na zhoršenou prognózu individuálního pacienta a zároveň identifikují nemocné, kteří budou mít prospěch z aplikace agresivnějších diagnostických a léčebných postupů. Dnes jsou vypracovány i systémy určení rizika jednotlivce, které zohledňují kumulaci více rizikových faktorů. Některé jsou jednoduché a lze je běžně použít u lůžka pacienta, jiné počítají riziko nemocného podle složitějších algoritmů. V klinické praxi je možno využít jednodušší skórovací systém, je ale nutno mít na paměti i další rizika, která v něm nejsou obsažena a u nemocného jsou známa. V nemocnici bez katetrizačního zázemí by stanovení rizika nemocného s AKS bez ST elevací mělo pomoci k vystupňování medikamentózní léčby a k optimálnímu časování intervenčního vyšetření, kde u nemocných s vysokým rizikem je nutno přistoupit ke koronarografii co nejdříve, maximálně do 24 hodin a na základě jejího výsledku je nutno stanovit optimální léčebný postup.
Acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation is a diagnosis covering a wide range of clinical conditions of the same aetiopathogenesis, but with very different manifestations depending on numerous factors. The risk of continuing progression into myocardial infarction or recurrent myocardial infarction or into death differs in each patient. Many risk factors have been discovered which show worsened prognosis of an individual patient and at the same time identify patients who will benefit most from the application of aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, risk score systems are available which determine a patient’s risk and take into account cumulation of more factors. Some of them are simple and can be used at the bedside, others use more complicated algorithms for calculating the risk. In clinical routine, a simple scoring system can be used, but also other risks must be kept in mind which are not included in the scoring system used, but the patient is known to have them. Risk stratification in a patient suffering from acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation in a hospital without an interventional facility should help intensify medical treatment and optimise the timing of invasive examination. In high risk patients, angiography of coronary arteries should be done as soon as possible, within a 24-hour time frame, and, based on its result, an optimal treatment approach should be determined.
BACKGROUND: In the ACCOAST (A Comparison of Prasugrel at PCI or Time of Diagnosis of Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial, the prasugrel pre-treatment strategy versus placebo was associated with excess bleeding complications and no improved ischemic outcome in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Whether patients with the longest pre-treatment duration had an ischemic benefit is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This pre-specified analysis of the ACCOAST trial aimed to assess the effect of pre-treatment duration with prasugrel (time from randomization to angiography) on outcomes. METHODS: Within the 4,033 patients randomized in the ACCOAST trial, pre-treatment duration was available in 4,001 patients (99.2%). The population of the trial was divided into quartiles of pre-treatment duration (0.1 to 2.5 h, 2.5 to 3.9 h, 3.9 to 13.6 h, and >13.6 h) with an evaluation of the primary efficacy endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, urgent revascularization or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor bailout use. Secondary efficacy outcomes including cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke; all-cause death; stent thrombosis and safety outcomes (all coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] or non-CABG TIMI [Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction] major bleeding) were also evaluated at 7 days. RESULTS: The primary efficacy outcome of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, urgent revascularization or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor bailout use did not differ between the quartiles of pre-treatment duration in the trial population (p = 0.17 for interaction). None of the secondary efficacy outcomes were found to be dependent on pre-treatment duration. The safety outcome of all CABG or non-CABG TIMI major bleeding did not differ between the quartiles of pre-treatment duration (p = 0.37 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: In non-ST-segment elevation MI patients, the excess risk of bleeding and the absence of ischemic benefit were consistent across the quartiles of increasing duration of prasugrel pre-treatment. (A Comparison of Prasugrel at PCI or Time of Diagnosis of Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction [ACCOAST]; NCT01015287).
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- elektrokardiografie MeSH
- infarkt myokardu bez ST elevací diagnóza mortalita terapie MeSH
- inhibitory agregace trombocytů aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- koronární angiografie metody MeSH
- koronární angioplastika metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- míra přežití trendy MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- prasugrel hydrochlorid aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- příčina smrti trendy MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
Elektrokardiogram zůstává nejdůležitějším nástrojem v diagnóze infarktu myokardu s elevací ST segmentu. Je okamžitě k dispozici, je snadné jej opakovat a ekonomicky je velice výhodný. Pro trénovaného odborníka je rovněž vysoce citlivý a specifický. Časná diagnóza a následná léčba infarktu myokardu s elevací ST segmentu závisí na rychlém provedení a správné interpretaci EKG. Mimo akutního infarktu myokardu existuje u pacienta s probíhající bolestí na hrudi mnoho dalších příčin elevace ST segmentu. Lékař musí mít tyto diferenciální diagnózy na zřeteli a musí být schopen rychle potvrdit nebo vyvrátit alternativní příčiny elevace ST segmentu. Cílem tohoto článku je přezkoumání nálezů na EKG u akutního infarktu myokardu v porovnání s ostatními alternativními diagnózami, u kterých může docházet k elevaci ST segmentu. Tato diskuse je ukončena třemi kazuistickými příklady atypických příčin elevace ST segmentu u pacienta s bolestí na hrudi.
The electrocardiogram remains the most crucial tool in the diagnosis on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. It is rapidly available, easily reproducible, and highly cost effective. To the trained interpreter it is also highly sensitive and specific. Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of ST-segment myocardial infarction relies on rapid performance and correct interpretation of the electrocardiogram. In addition to acute myocardial infarction, there are multiple other causes of ST-segment elevation in the patient with active chest pain. The clinician must be aware of these differential diagnoses, and be able to quickly confirm or exclude alternative causes of ST-segment elevation. The purpose of this article is to review the electrocardiographic findings in acute myocardial infarction in comparison to other alternative diagnoses that may present with ST-segment elevation. This discussion concludes with three case based examples of atypical causes of ST-segment elevation in the patient with chest pain.
- Klíčová slova
- elektrokardiogram, elevace ST segmentu,
- MeSH
- akutní koronární syndrom diagnóza MeSH
- bolesti na hrudi * diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza * MeSH
- elektrokardiografie * metody využití MeSH
- infarkt myokardu * diagnóza MeSH
- ischemická choroba srdeční diagnóza MeSH
- koronární angiografie využití MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Ranolazine, a piperazine derivative, reduces ischemia via inhibition of the late phase of the inward sodium current (late I(Na)) during cardiac repolarization, with a consequent reduction in intracellular sodium and calcium overload. Increased intracellular calcium leads to both mechanical dysfunction and electric instability. Ranolazine reduces proarrhythmic substrate and triggers such as early afterdepolarization in experimental models. However, the potential antiarrhythmic actions of ranolazine have yet to be demonstrated in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (MERLIN)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) trial randomized 6560 patients hospitalized with a non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome to ranolazine or placebo in addition to standard therapy. Continuous ECG (Holter) recording was performed for the first 7 days after randomization. A prespecified set of arrhythmias were evaluated by a core laboratory blinded to treatment and outcomes. Of the 6560 patients in MERLIN-TIMI 36, 6351 (97%) had continuous ECG recordings that could be evaluated for arrhythmia analysis. Treatment with ranolazine resulted in significantly lower incidences of arrhythmias. Specifically, fewer patients had an episode of ventricular tachycardia lasting > or = 8 beats (166 [5.3%] versus 265 [8.3%]; P<0.001), supraventricular tachycardia (1413 [44.7%] versus 1752 [55.0%]; P<0.001), or new-onset atrial fibrillation (55 [1.7%] versus 75 [2.4%]; P=0.08). In addition, pauses > or = 3 seconds were less frequent with ranolazine (97 [3.1%] versus 136 [4.3%]; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ranolazine, an inhibitor of late I(Na), appears to have antiarrhythmic effects as assessed by continuous ECG monitoring of patients in the first week after admission for acute coronary syndrome. Studies specifically designed to evaluate the potential role of ranolazine as an antiarrhythmic agent are warranted.
- MeSH
- acetanilidy škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- akutní nemoc MeSH
- angina pectoris farmakoterapie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- diabetické angiopatie epidemiologie MeSH
- elektrofyziologie MeSH
- elektrokardiografie MeSH
- infarkt myokardu komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- ischemická choroba srdeční farmakoterapie MeSH
- koronární nemoc farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- piperaziny škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- placebo MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- srdeční arytmie epidemiologie chemicky indukované MeSH
- tachykardie epidemiologie MeSH
- trombolytická terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH