Na perfluoralkylové látky (PFAS) je v posledních letech soustředěná pozornost širší veřejnosti, protože to jsou látky znečišťující životní prostředí. Jsou to např. kyselina perfluoroktanová a perfluoroktansulfonová. Tyto látky vznikají průmyslovou aktivitou člověka především při výrobě polymerů nebo nepřilnavých povrchů. Odpadní vodou nebo i jinými cestami se mohou dostat do prostředí, a tak kontaminovat zdroje pitné vody nebo potraviny. Jejich působení na organismy a lidské zdraví je rozsáhle studováno a jejich přítomnosti v organismu je připisován vliv na mnohé zdravotní komplikace, dokonce i některé druhy rakoviny. Z toho důvodu byly stanoveny přípustné limity PFAS v pitné vodě a jejich regulací se zabývají mnohé státní orgány a mezinárodní organizace. Aktuálním standardem v detekci PFAS jsou chromatografické metody. V současnosti jsou zkoumány i nové metody detekce především optickou a elektrochemickou cestou. Jejich příklady jsou v textu detailněji popsány a diskutovány.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained wider public attention in recent years as environmental pollutants which include perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. These substances are produced by industry, mainly during the manufacture of polymers or non-stick surfaces. They can enter the environment through waste water or other routes and contaminate drinking water sources or food. Their effects on organisms and human health have been extensively studied and their presence in the body has been attributed to many health complications including cancer. For this reason, limits for PFAS in drinking water have been established and their regulation is being addressed by many governments and international organisations. Chromatographic methods are the current standard for PFAS detection, but new detection methods, mainly optical and electrochemical, are currently being investigated. Examples of these are described in more detail in the text.

• MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky klasifikace   metody   MeSH
• fluorescenční spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• fluorokarbony * analýza   chemie   škodlivé účinky   toxicita   MeSH
• hodnocení vlivů na zdraví metody   MeSH
• impedanční spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza   klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The concentrations of seven perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in 36 European chub (Squalius cephalus) individuals from six localities in the Czech Republic. Chub muscle and liver tissue were analysed at all sampling sites. In addition, analyses of 16 target PFASs were performed in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCISs) deployed in the water at the same sampling sites. We evaluated the possibility of using passive samplers as a standardized method for monitoring PFAS contamination in aquatic environments and the mutual relationships between determined concentrations. Only perfluorooctane sulphonate was above the LOQ in fish muscle samples and 52% of the analysed fish individuals exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard for water biota. Fish muscle concentration is also particularly important for risk assessment of fish consumers. The comparison of fish tissue results with published data showed the similarity of the Czech results with those found in Germany and France. However, fish liver analysis and the passive sampling approach resulted in different fish exposure scenarios. The total concentration of PFASs in fish liver tissue was strongly correlated with POCIS data, but pollutant patterns differed between these two matrices. The differences could be attributed to the metabolic activity of the living organism. In addition to providing a different view regarding the real PFAS cocktail to which the fish are exposed, POCISs fulfil the Three Rs strategy (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in animal testing.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• Cyprinidae metabolismus   MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• svaly chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made fluorinated compounds with endocrine-disrupting properties, detected in 99% of serum samples worldwide and associated with adverse childhood health outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe determinants of prenatal exposure to PFASs in Slovakia. METHODS: This study was based on Slovak multicentric prospective mother-child cohort PRENATAL (N = 796). Cord blood samples were collected within 2010-2012 and PFASs were analyzed in a subpopulation of 322 newborns. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were measured in the samples of cord blood using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS) method. From questionnaires, we obtained information on medical history of mother, socio-demographic factors, nutrition and environmental factors. Association between maternal characteristics and PFASs exposure was analyzed using multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS: The highest cord blood concentration (geometric mean ± SD) was observed for PFOA (0.79 ± 2.21 ng/ml) followed by PFOS (0.36 ± 2.56 ng/ml), PFNA (0.20 ± 2.44 ng/ml) and PFHxS (0.07 ± 2.36 ng/ml). Primiparity was associated with higher levels of all four PFAS: PFOS (exp. β = 1.25; 95%CI[1.03; 1.53]), PFOA (exp. β = 1.49; 95%CI[1.18; 1.89]), PFNA (exp. β = 1.30; 95%CI[1.05; 1.60]) and PFHxS (exp. β = 1.49; 95%CI [1.20; 1.86]). In addition, maternal age category 29 years and more was associated with higher PFNA and PFHxS levels (exp. β = 1.27; 95%CI[1.04; 1.55] and exp. β = 1.30; 95%CI[1.06; 1.60], respectively) and higher educational level of mother was associated with higher PFNA levels (exp. β = 1.32; 95%CI[1.04; 1.68]). Higher fish consumption was associated with lower PFNA levels (exp. β = 0.49; 95%CI[0.26; 0.92]). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that PFASs cord blood concentrations were comparable or lower than those measured in western or northern European countries. We identified parity as the main determinant of PFASs exposure in our population and maternal age and education as factors that might be associated with exposure to certain PFASs.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• endokrinní disruptory krev   MeSH
• fetální krev chemie   MeSH
• fluorokarbony krev   MeSH
• látky znečišťující životní prostředí krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matka - expozice noxám * MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

This study summarizes results on levels of 25 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), three hexabromocyclododecane isomers (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), three brominated phenols and four hydroxylated derivates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in 59fish samples collected in nine localities on two major rivers from the Czech Republic. To identify potential sources of these chemicals, several sampling sites located close to highly industrialized areas were also involved. The major PFAS representatives, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), C9-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) were detected in 100% fish samples. The concentration ranges of individual substances in the respective groups of PFASs were as follows: 0.572-61.3ngg(-)(1) wet weight (ww) for Tot-PFOS, 0.007-0.121ngg(-)(1)ww for perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) (without PFOS isomers), 0.007-22.0ngg(-)(1)ww for PFCAs and 0.026-7.76ngg(-)(1)ww for FOSA. The highest contents of ∑PFASs (51.9ngg(-)(1)ww and 47.8ngg(-)(1)ww) were measured in fish muscle tissue from the locality Trmice situated on the Bílina River and Verdek on the Labe River, where chemical and/or textile industry is located. From 11 targeted BFRs, five compounds (α-HBCD, β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, TBBPA and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP)) were determined in analyzed samples. The concentration ranged as follows: 3.15-1211ngg(-)(1) lipid weight (lw) for ∑HBCD, 4.99-203ngg(-)(1)lw for TBBPA and 1.76-107ngg(-)(1)lw for 2,4,6-TBP.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• fluorokarbony metabolismus   MeSH
• halogenované uhlovodíky metabolismus   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• ryby metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The fate of fourteen target perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are described within a small stream affected by a sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent. Concentrations of target PFASs in samples of water, benthic macroinvertebrates and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are presented. Two hundred brown trout individuals originating from clean sites within the same stream were tagged and stocked into an experimental site affected by the STP's effluent. As a passive sampling approach, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in the water to reveal the water-macroinvertebrates-fish biotransformation processes of PFASs. Bioconcentration/bioaccumulation of target compounds was monitored one, three, and six months after stocking. Twelve of the fourteen target PFASs were found in concentration above the LOQ in at least one of the studied matrices. The compound pattern varied significantly between both the studied species and water samples. Concerning the accumulation of PFASs in fish, the highest concentrations were found in the liver of individuals sampled after three months of exposure. These concentrations rapidly decreased after six months although the water concentrations were slightly increasing during experiment.

• MeSH
• bezobratlí * MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
• odpadní vody MeSH
• potravní řetězec MeSH
• pstruh * MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Drinking water is one of the main contributors to overall human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a broad group of environmental contaminants with arising concerns on the impact on human health; therefore, it is necessary to monitor its quality. Here, we present a solid-phase extraction-based method to determine 22 PFAS in water, using 100 mL of the sample. The instrumental analysis employing an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry achieved low limits of quantification (0.025-0.25 ng/L). The validated method (recoveries 70-120% and repeatabilities ≤ 20% at tested concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 ng/L)) was applied to 67 tap water and 31 bottled water samples collected in the Czech Republic. The most abundant compounds were perfluorononanoic acid (88% positives; 0.034-13.3 ng/L) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (23% positives; 0.035-0.106 ng/L), respectively. ∑PFAS in positive samples ranged from 0.029 to 300 ng/L (99% positives, median 2.34 ng/L) in tap water data and 0.033 to 4.48 ng/L (32% positives, median 0.097 ng/L) in bottled water samples. Current-use fluoroalkyl ethers, dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate and 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonate, were occasionally detected in tap. Based on the median data, PFAS intake by an adult from a tap or bottled water represented units of % of the tolerable weekly intake set by the European Food Safety Authority and therefore did not represent a severe risk. The described method and obtained first data on PFAS in the Czech drinking water provided a solid basis for an ongoing national study on the presence of PFAS in tap water.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fluorokarbony * analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• pitná voda * chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Many perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been widely used in production processes and daily-use products or may result from degradation of precursor compounds in products or the environment. India, with its developing industrialization and population moving from traditional to contemporary lifestyles, represents an interesting case study to investigate PFAS emission and exposure along steep environmental and socioeconomic gradients. This study assesses PFAS concentrations in river and groundwater (used in this region as drinking water) from several locations along the Ganges River and estimates direct emissions, specifically for PFOS and PFOA. 15 PFAS were frequently detected in the river with the highest concentrations observed for PFHxA (0.4-4.7 ng L(-1)) and PFBS (

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• pitná voda analýza   normy   MeSH
• podzemní voda chemie   MeSH
• řeky chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

In the present study, a novel analytical approach for the simultaneous determination of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 11 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) including their hydroxylated metabolites and brominated phenols has been developed and validated for breast milk and infant formula. The sample preparation procedure based on extraction using acetonitrile and subsequent purification by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) employing C18 sorbent is rapid, simple and high-throughput. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) interfaced with a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was employed for the identification/quantification of these compounds. The method recoveries of target compounds for both matrices ranged from 80% to 117% with relative standard deviations lower than 28% and quantification limits in the range of 3-200 pg/mL for milk and 5-450 pg/g for infant formula. Within the pilot study, the new method was used for the analysis of PFASs and BFRs in 50 human breast milks and six infant formulas. In the breast milk samples the total contents of PFASs and BFRs were in the range of 38-279 and 45-16,200 pg/mL, respectively. The most abundant PFASs detected in all tested breast milk samples were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), the latter contaminant was present not only as a linear form but also as a branched isomers. The incidence of BFRs was lower, the only representatives of this group, tetrabromobiphenol A (TBBPA) and α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCD), were detected in less than 30% of breast milk samples. None of the infant formulas contained BFRs, traces of either PFOS, PFOA or PFNA were found in three samples.

• MeSH
• acetonitrily chemie   MeSH
• bromované uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   MeSH
• kapryláty analýza   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• mateřské mléko chemie   MeSH
• náhražky mateřského mléka chemie   MeSH
• polybrombifenylové sloučeniny analýza   MeSH
• retardanty hoření analýza   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected ubiquitously in the environment. Owing to the polar character conferred by the presence of the carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups and their resistance to degradation, aquatic environments became their major reservoirs, including marine waters. The procedure of PFAS analysis in aqueous matrices consists usually of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, passive sampling approach using various SPE sorbents may be applied. This study deals with the assessment of retention characteristics of a selected group of PFASs in marine water on three sorbent media widely used in SPE or passive sampling techniques. The influence of type of sorbent, matrix pH, salinity and eluent on the PFAS recovery from aquatic samples was investigated. The best overall extraction conditions were found to be at pH 8 and 50%/100% matrix seawater content using Oasis®HLB/Strata™-X as SPE sorbents and methanol as eluent. The matrix properties found to be the most appropriate for extraction of investigated PFASs from aqueous samples (i.e., pH and salinity levels) match well the natural properties of marine and brackish waters. Acid-base behavior was found to be the main driver influencing the recovery of PFASs. These research findings can be used to optimize PFAS extraction conditions from aquatic samples and also to develop efficient extraction procedures for multiresidual analyses.

• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi metody   MeSH
• fluorokarbony izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kyseliny sulfonové MeSH
• mořská voda chemie   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study summarises the results of the levels of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 50 selected pooled samples representing 15 food commodities with the special focus on those of animal origin, as meat, seafood, fish, milk, dairy products and hen eggs, which are commonly consumed in various European markets, e.g. Czech, Italian, Belgian and Norwegian. A new, rapid sample preparation approach based on the QuEChERS extraction procedure was applied. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used for the quantification of target analytes. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 1-10 ng kg(-1) (ng l(-1)) for fish, meat, hen eggs, cheese and milk, and in the range of 2.5-125 ng kg(-1) for butter. Only 16 of the group of 21 PFASs were found in at least one analysed sample. From 16 PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most frequently detected analyte present in approximately 50% of samples (in the range of 0.98-2600 ng kg(-1)). PFCAs with C8-C14 carbon chain were presented in approximately 20% of samples. The concentration ranges of individual compounds in the respective groups of PFASs were: 2.33-76.3 ng kg(-1) for PFSAs (without PFOS), 4.99-961 ng kg(-1) for PFCAs, 10.6-95.4 ng kg(-1) for PFPAs, and 1.61-519 ng kg(-1) for FOSA. The contamination level in the analysed food commodities decreased in the following order: seafood > pig/bovine liver > freshwater/marine fish > hen egg > meat > butter. When comparing the total contamination and profiles of PFASs in food commodities that originated from various sampling countries, differences were identified, and the contents decreased as follows: Belgium > Norway, Italy > Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• fluorokarbony analýza   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie s elektrosprejovou ionizací metody   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny alkansulfonové analýza   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maso analýza   MeSH
• mléčné výrobky analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• potrava z moře (živočišná) analýza   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• ryby MeSH
• skot MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• vejce analýza   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Belgie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Itálie MeSH
• Norsko MeSH