Rivers Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Collins guide
224 s.
- MeSH
- lingvistika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- učebnice MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lingvistika. Jazyky
- NLK Obory
- lingvistika, lékařská terminologie
4th impression 587 s. : il.
- Konspekt
- Patologie. Klinická medicína
- NLK Obory
- infekční lékařství
- virologie
Pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants have received a lot of interest over the past decade but, for several pharmaceuticals, relatively little is known about their occurrence in European surface waters. Benzodiazepines, a class of pharmaceuticals with anxiolytic properties, have received interest due to their behavioral modifying effect on exposed biota. In this study, our results show the presence of one or more benzodiazepine(s) in 86% of the analyzed surface water samples (n = 138) from 30 rivers, representing seven larger European catchments. Of the 13 benzodiazepines included in the study, we detected 9, which together showed median and mean concentrations (of the results above limit of quantification) of 5.4 and 9.6 ng L(-1), respectively. Four benzodiazepines (oxazepam, temazepam, clobazam, and bromazepam) were the most commonly detected. In particular, oxazepam had the highest frequency of detection (85%) and a maximum concentration of 61 ng L(-1). Temazepam and clobazam were found in 26% (maximum concentration of 39 ng L(-1)) and 14% (maximum concentration of 11 ng L(-1)) of the samples analyzed, respectively. Finally, bromazepam was found only in Germany and in 16 out of total 138 samples (12%), with a maximum concentration of 320 ng L(-1). This study clearly shows that benzodiazepines are common micro-contaminants of the largest European river systems at ng L(-1) levels. Although these concentrations are more than a magnitude lower than those reported to have effective effects on exposed biota, environmental effects cannot be excluded considering the possibility of additive and sub-lethal effects.
Parallel adaptive radiations have arisen following the colonization of islands by lizards and lakes by fishes. In these classic examples, parallel adaptive radiation is a response to the ecological opportunities afforded by the colonization of novel ecosystems and similar adaptive landscapes that favour the evolution of similar suites of ecomorphs, despite independent evolutionary histories. Here, we demonstrate that parallel adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes arose in South American rivers. Speciation-assembled communities of pike cichlids (Crenicichla) have independently diversified into similar suites of novel ecomorphs in the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers, including crevice feeders, periphyton grazers and molluscivores. There were bursts in phenotypic evolution associated with the colonization of each river and the subsequent expansion of morphospace following the evolution of the ecomorphs. These riverine clades demonstrate that characteristics emblematic of textbook parallel adaptive radiations of island- and lake-dwelling assemblages are feasible evolutionary outcomes even in labile ecosystems such as rivers.
- MeSH
- biologická adaptace genetika MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- cichlidy anatomie a histologie genetika MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika MeSH
- jezera MeSH
- ostrovy MeSH
- řeky * MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- ostrovy MeSH
- Uruguay MeSH
247 s.
- Konspekt
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
- NLK Obory
- endokrinologie
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the contamination level of aquatic ecosystems of the Oslava and the Jihlava Rivers, and of the Nove Mlyny Water Reservoir, situated in the South Moravian Region (Czech Republic), by residues of selected veterinary pharmaceuticals. We isolated and determined 10 sulfonamide antibiotics in samples of surface water and bottom sediments using optimized analytical methods. DESIGN: A representative number of sampling sites in the entire basin of selected waters were chosen. Samples were collected particularly near the larger cities in order to assess their possible impact to the aquatic ecosystems. Extraction, pre-concentration and purification of samples were performed using optimized methods of solid phase extraction and pressurized solvent extraction. Final identification and quantification were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. RESULTS: The concentration of sulfonamides in water samples were all under the limit of detection. Regarding sediment samples, sulfadimidine was found at most sampling sites; its highest values were recorded in the Jihlava River (up to 979.8 µg.kg(-1) dry matter). Other frequently detected sulfonamides were sulfamethoxazole and sulfamerazine. Most other sulfonamides were under the limit of detection or limit of quantification. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of antibiotic residues in the environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystem, is a current topic due to the growing worldwide use in both human and veterinary medicine. According to obtained results, we document the pollution of selected rivers and water reservoir by particular sulfonamides which basically reflects their application in veterinary medicine.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky analýza MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- extrakce na pevné fázi MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- rezidua léčiv MeSH
- sulfamerazin analýza MeSH
- sulfamethazin analýza MeSH
- sulfamethoxazol analýza MeSH
- sulfonamidy analýza MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
5% Imiquimod cream is a topical immune response modifier that has been used off-label to treat malignant melanocytic proliferations such as lentigo maligna. To our knowledge, imiquimod has not been previously used to treat atypical nevi (AN). OBSERVATIONS: Three patients each with 1 selected clinically AN were treated with imiquimod 5 nights per week for 12 weeks. The lesions were subsequently excised and sent for routine histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. None of the lesions cleared. Two were consistent with atypical compound nevus on excisional biopsy and demonstrated inflammation, while the third showed congenital features and demonstrated minimal inflammation. The AN were initially interpreted as displaying more severe histologic atypia on excisional biopsy than was present at baseline. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the AN but not the congenital-like nevus exhibited increased staining for CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells and for a surrogate marker of interferon alpha expression. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of imiquimod treatment failed to cause lesional resolution. A differential inflammatory response was observed between the AN and the congenital-like nevus. The character of the inflammatory infiltrate was similar to that observed with halo nevi. Uncertainties remain concerning imiquimod use for chemoprevention of AN, and the posttreatment histologic features may be misinterpreted as severe melanocytic atypia or melanoma.
Monitoring the contamination level in aquatic environments and assessing the impact on aquatic life occurs throughout the world. In the present study, an approach based on a combination of biomarkers and the distribution of various industrial and municipal pollutants was used to investigate the effect of aquatic environmental contamination on fish. Monitoring was performed in ten rivers in the Czech Republic (Berounka, Dyje, Elbe, Lužnice, Odra, Ohře, Otava, Sázava, Svratka, and Vltava rivers, with one or two locations in each river) at the same sites that were regularly monitored within the Czech National Monitoring Program in 2007-2011. Health status, hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, total cytochrome P450 content, and the plasma vitellogenin concentration were assessed in wild chub (Squalius cephalus) males caught at the monitored sites. The contamination level was the highest in the Svratka River downstream of Brno. Among all measured persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites were the major contributors of POPs in fish muscle. Elbe, Odra, and Svratka rivers were identified as the most polluted. Fish from these locations showed reduced gonad size, increased vitellogenin concentration in male plasma, EROD, and total cytochrome P450 content. These biomarkers can be used for future environmental monitoring assessments. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the relationship between human activities and pollutant loads and further contributes to the decision to support local watershed managers to protect water quality in this region.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- Cyprinidae * MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 metabolismus MeSH
- DDT analýza MeSH
- játra účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- polychlorované bifenyly analýza MeSH
- řeky chemie MeSH
- ryby metabolismus MeSH
- systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus MeSH
- vitelogeniny krev MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
