Sex estimation Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Východisko. Biologický věk charakterizuje organizmus z hlediska jeho reálného stupně zestárnutí. Z hlediska teoretické gerontologie má sledování vývoje biologického věku hlavní význam při ověřování teorií a hypotéz orientovaných na základní mechanizmy stárnutí. Měření a sledování biologického věku má značný aplikační potenciál z medicínského hlediska, mimo jiné jako metodika ověřování prostředků pro zpomalení procesu stárnutí nebo jako indikátor předčasného stárnutí. Pro určování biologického věku byla navržena a popsána řada souborů (baterií) testů. Tyto metody nejsou dosud standardní a vyznačují se mimo jiné značnou časovou náročností, která omezuje jejich širší aplikovatelnost. Metody a výsledky. Naším cílem bylo vyvinout rutinní metodiku, umožňující provádět opakovaná měření na velkém souboru osob. Důraz jsme proto kladli na jednoduchost, rychlost a reprodukovatelnost měření. Výsledkem vývoje je soubor obsahující 7 biofyzikálních metod a speciální metodika zpracování dat. Většina použitých metod vychází z klasických biofyzikálních měření, modifikovaných podle našich zkušeností. Metodika měření reologic- kých vlastností kůže byla kompletně nově vyvinuta na našem pracovišti. Závěry. Byla vyvinuta baterie biofyzikálních testů pro rutinní určování biologického věku. Informace o výsledcích měření jednotlivých veličin jsou zpracovávány počítačem pomocí multiregresní analýzy. Trvání měření celé baterie je cca 120 minut.
Background. Biological age is defined as real state of organism with respect to the processes of aging. From the gerontological point of view, the methodology of determination of biological age i s a tool for verification of theories. The role of biological age determination in medicine is wide. It consists. among others in the assessment of the efficiency of anti-aging interventions or in detection of premature aging. Many different batteries of methods for the measurement of biological age were developed till now. The currently applied methods are not standardized and they are, as a rule, significantly time-consuming. Methods and Results. The goal of the work was to develop a routine method for biological age determination. Simplicity and reproducibility of measurements was stressed. The result of our work is a set of 7 biophysical methods. Some of the methods are newly developed (measurement of rheological properties of the skin), others are modified classical methods (measurement of accommodation of eye, perception of high frequencies of sound, reaction times). Conclusions. The battery of biophysical test for the routine biological age assessment was developed in our laboratory. The information is processed by computer, using multiple linear regression analysis for obtaining the best assessment of personal biological age. The duration of measurement is roughly 120 min.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Problematic pornography use (PPU) is a common manifestation of the newly introduced Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder diagnosis in the 11th edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Although cultural, gender- and sexual orientation-related differences in sexual behaviors are well documented, there is a relative absence of data on PPU outside Western countries and among women as well as gender- and sexually-diverse individuals. We addressed these gaps by (a) validating the long and short versions of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS and PPCS-6, respectively) and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) and (b) measuring PPU risk across diverse populations. METHODS: Using data from the pre-registered International Sex Survey [n = 82 243; mean age (Mage) = 32.4 years, standard deviation = 12.5], a study across 42 countries from five continents, we evaluated the psychometric properties (i.e. factor structure, measurement invariance, and reliability) of the PPCS, PPCS-6, and BPS and examined their associations with relevant correlates (e.g. treatment-seeking). We also compared PPU risk among diverse groups (e.g. three genders). RESULTS: The PPCS, PPCS-6, and BPS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties [for example, comparative fit index = 0.985, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.981, root mean square error of approximation = 0.060 (90% confidence interval = 0.059-0.060)] in the confirmatory factor analysis, with all PPCS' inter-factor correlations positive and strong (rs = 0.72-0.96). A total of 3.2% of participants were at risk of experiencing PPU (PPU+) based on the PPCS, with significant country- and gender-based differences (e.g. men reported the highest levels of PPU). No sexual orientation-based differences were observed. Only 4-10% of individuals in the PPU+ group had ever sought treatment for PPU, while an additional 21-37% wanted to, but did not do so for specific reasons (e.g. unaffordability). CONCLUSIONS: This study validated three measures to assess the severity of problematic pornography use across languages, countries, genders, and sexual orientations in 26 languages: the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS, and PPCS-6, respectively), and the Brief Pornography Screen (BPS). The problematic pornography use risk is estimated to be 3.2-16.6% of the population of 42 countries, and varies among different groups (e.g. genders) and based on the measure used.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- poměr pohlaví MeSH
- rozštěp patra MeSH
- rozštěp rtu MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manželství epidemiologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- sexuální chování epidemiologie MeSH
- sexuální partneři epidemiologie MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Vertebral measurements have been shown to provide accurate classification of sex. However, the use of vertebral discriminant functions (DFs) in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology is limited due to the unknown degree of their population specificity. Additionally, the performance of vertebral DFs has not yet been assessed at higher posterior probability thresholds. In this study, we tested the performance of previously published DFs for sex classification from Th12 and L1 vertebrae within a range of 0.5-0.95 posterior probabilities in a model of geographically distant population based on an autopsy Central European (CE) sample (Czech Republic; n=72) from the 1930s. Further, we derived new pooled DFs from a sample representing ecogeographically diverse populations, new DFs derived from the autopsy CE sample, and new Medieval CE DFs derived from the Pohansko sample (n=129) and evaluated their performance at our testing autopsy CE sample. Most vertebral measurements showed population specificity in sex assessment. However, we identified two Th12 measurements (anteroposterior body diameter and mediolateral body diameter) usable for sex estimation across populations. We showed that the accuracy of vertebral DFs can be increased to 95% of correctly classified individuals in up to 64% of the studied sample by setting a higher posterior probability threshold. Finally, we showed that even the DFs derived from relatively small subsamples (30% of the population size) can provide accurate sex classification. This finding highlights the applicability of the hybrid approach in sex classification from vertebrae. To facilitate sex classification from vertebrae, we provide a software tool for sex classification from any vertebral measurement and reference samples tested in this study including the previously published DFs.
- MeSH
- bederní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- diskriminační analýza MeSH
- hrudní obratle anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- soudní antropologie MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
This paper introduces an automated method for estimating sex from cranial sex diagnostic traits by extracting and evaluating specialized morphometric features from the glabella, the supraorbital ridge, the occipital protuberance, and the mastoid process. The proposed method was developed and evaluated using two European population samples, a Czech sample comprising 170 crania reconstructed from anonymized CT scans and a Greek sample of 156 crania from the Athens Collection. It is based on a fully automatic algorithm applied on 3D models for extracting sex diagnostic morphometric features which are further processed by computer vision and machine learning algorithms. Classification accuracy was evaluated in a population specific and a population generic 2-way cross-validation scheme. Population-specific accuracy for individual morphometric features ranged from 78.5 to 96.7%, whereas population generic correct classification ranged from 71.7 to 90.8%. Combining all sex diagnostic traits in multi-feature sex estimation yielded correct classification performance in excess of 91% for the entire sample, whereas the sex of about three fourths of the sample could be determined with 100% accuracy according to posterior probability estimates. The proposed method provides an efficient and reliable way to estimate sex from cranial remains, and it offers significant advantages over existing methods. The proposed method can be readily implemented with the skullanalyzer computer program and the estimate_sex.m GNU Octave function, which are freely available under a suitable license.
- MeSH
- algoritmy * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kefalometrie * MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- software MeSH
- soudní antropologie metody MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry metody MeSH
- zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Řecko MeSH
Sex estimation is a task of utmost importance in forensic anthropology and bioarcheology. Along with the pelvic bone, the skull is the most important source of sexual dimorphism. On the human skull, the upper third of the face (i.e., the frontal bone) is one of the most significant sexually dimorphic structures useful in anthropological research, especially when studied by methods of virtual anthropology. This study was focused on sex estimation using the form and shape of the external surface of the frontal bone with or without the inclusion of its sinuses. The study sample consisted of 103 cranial CT images from a contemporary Czech population. Three-dimensional virtual models of the frontal bones and sinuses were analyzed using geometric morphometrics and multidimensional statistics: coherent point drift-dense correspondence analysis (CPD-DCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and support vector machine (SVM). The whole external frontal surface was significantly different between males and females both in form and shape. The greatest total success rate of sex estimation based on form was 93.2%, which decreased to 86.41% after crossvalidation, and this model identified females and males with the same accuracy. The best estimation based on shape reached a success rate of 91.26%, with slightly greater accuracy for females. After crossvalidation, however, the success rate decreased to 83.49%. The differences between sexes were significant also in the volume and surface of the frontal sinuses, but the sex estimation had only 64.07% accuracy after crossvalidation. Simultaneous use of the shape of the frontal surface and the frontal sinuses improved the total success rate to 98.05%, which decreased to 84.46% after crossvalidation.
- MeSH
- čelní kost anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lebka anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- soudní antropologie metody MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Sex estimation methods based on skeletal remains vary on the selection of skeletal element, data acquisition and statistical approach resulting in variable classification accuracies that are highly dependent on the sample population. The only exception of this rule seems to be the os coxa, that appears to differ consistently between males and females across the globe. Currently sex estimation based on the os coxa can be easily estimated by taking ten measurements, inputting these in the DPS2 software and getting a sex estimate and the probability of correct group assessment. The performance of the software is highly reliable as confirmed by a validation study by Brůžek et al. (2017). Yet, there are still many populations not represented in the reference sample used to develop the software. The current study aimed to validate DPS2 using a sample from Crete, Greece. A total of 133 os coxae were measured following instructions on DSP2. Data were used to estimate sex with the software and to create population specific formulae for Greeks. DSP2 classified 117/133 (85.7%) of the sample with over 95% posterior probability (PP) of correct classification. Of the individuals classified with over 95% PP, only 3 were misclassified (2.6%).The best population specific formula only improved this percentage by 2.1% which indicates that DSP2 is a reliable tool for sex estimation in the Greek sample and it is recommended as method of choice in sex estimation of remains of unknown ancestry. If Greek ancestry is confirmed, population-specific formulae can be used in conjunction with DSP2 for a more reliable sex estimation.
- MeSH
- diskriminační analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pánevní kosti anatomie a histologie MeSH
- software * MeSH
- určení pohlaví podle kostry * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- validační studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Řecko MeSH
