OBJECTIVE: The finer scale patterns of arthropod vertical stratification in forests are rarely studied and poorly understood. Further, there are no studies investigating whether and how altitude affects arthropod vertical stratification in temperate forests. We therefore investigated the fine-scale vertical stratification of diversity and guild structure of saproxylic beetles in temperate lowland and montane forests and compared the resulting patterns between the two habitats. METHODS: The beetles were sampled with flight intercept traps arranged into vertical transects (sampling heights 0.4, 1.2, 7, 14, and 21 m). A triplet of such transects was installed in each of the five sites in the lowland and in the mountains; 75 traps were used in each forest type. RESULTS: 381 species were collected in the lowlands and 236 species in the mountains. Only 105 species (21%) were found at both habitats; in the montane forest as well as in the lowlands, the species richness peaked at 1.2 m, and the change in assemblage composition was most rapid near the ground. The assemblages clearly differed between the understorey (0.4 m, 1.2 m) and the canopy (7 m, 14 m, 21 m) and between the two sampling heights within the understorey, but less within the canopy. The stratification was better pronounced in the lowland, where canopy assemblages were richer than those near the forest floor (0.4 m). In the mountains the samples from 14 and 21 m were more species poor than those from the lower heights. The guild structure was similar in both habitats. CONCLUSIONS: The main patterns of vertical stratification and guild composition were strikingly similar between the montane and the lowland forest despite the low overlap of their faunas. The assemblages of saproxylic beetles were most stratified near ground. The comparisons of species richness between canopy and understorey may thus give contrasting results depending on the exact sampling height in the understorey.

• MeSH
• brouci klasifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lesy * MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Vertical drop jump consists two landings of which the first one is the most frequently analysed one. Aim of this paper was to compare kinetic patterns between first and second landings and dominant and non-dominant leg between landings by analysing force-time curves and their variability across landings. 44 top level female handball players (N = 25) and volleyball players (N = 19) of average age 24 ± 4 y, height 181.1 ± 7.8 cm and weight 72.4 ± 8.0 kg agreed to participate in this study. Each subject completed 4 successful drop jumps from an initial height of 30 cm on two parallel ground reaction force platforms. Force-time curve analysis revealed significant differences (p < .05) in certain parts of the cycle between the two landings for each leg. Moreover, significant differences (p < .05) were found between dominant and non-dominant leg solely in the second landing. Second landings were shown to be significantly more variable (p < .001) than the first ones. Results of the current study confirm previous findings of different neuromuscular pathways used in two landings thus indicating a possible increased risk of ACL injury which highlights the importance of second landing analysis in drop vertical jump.

Dětská mozková obrna (DM0) se manifestuje (mimo jiné) poruchou tonu končetinových svalů, která je tradičně nazývána spasticitou. Tento název však nevystihuje zcela charakteristické motorické poruchy, ve většině případů se jedná o kombinaci spastické poruchy tonu spolu s dystonií. Pro tento typ poruchy svalového tonu je zaváděn termín „spastická dystonie", nicméně název „spasticita" při oneihocnění DMO je tradičně uváděn i nadále. Kromě ortopedických a fyzioterapeutických způsobů terapie se v posledních letech dostala do popředí lokální aplikace botulotoxinu A do postižených svalů. Autoři ve svém sdělení shrnují výsledky více než tříleté léčby dětí postižených DMO botulotoxinem A Na rozdíl od dosud publikovaných souborů byly v prezentované studii sledovány děti, postižené těžší formou DMO, které ještě v době zahájení léčby nebyly „vertikalizovány". Autoři sledovali efektivitu léčby botulotoxinem v této cílové skupině pacientů. Konstatují, že botulotoxin A je v této indikaci velmi efektivním lékem spasticity končetin, díky jemuž bylo možno u většiny pacientů indukovat rozvoj nového, kvalitativně vyššího pohybového vzorce. Nežádoucí efekty terapie botulotoxinem nebyly prakticky žádné, trvání efektu bylo obvykle delší než 3 měsíce. Autoři doporučují léčbu botulotoxinem spojenou s rehabilitační léčbou jako terapii první volby ve snaze o ovlivnění spasticity končetinových svalů u dětí, postižených závažnější formou DMO.

Cerebral palsy in children is manifested (among others) by the disorder of muscle tone of predominantly limb muscles, which is traditionally called „spasticity„. That term does not completely describe this type of muscle tone disorder. A combination of the spastic contraction and dystonia is involved, and the term „spastic dystonia„ is currently used for this complete disorder of muscle tone. However, the term „spasticity„ is still traditionally used for cerebral palsy. In addition to orthopaedic and physiotherapeutical methods, the local administration of botulinum toxin A into affected muscles is used in recent years. The authors summarize results of more than three years' treatment of children suffering from cerebral palsy with botulinum toxin A. The children, suffering from more severe form of cerebral palsy who were not yet „verticalized„ at the time of treatment onset, were followed in presented study. The authors examined the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A treatment in this target group of patients. They foimd that botulinum toxin A is a very effective treatment for spasticity of limb muscles. It was possible to induce the development of a new, improved motor pattern in the majority of patients. No side effects of botulinum toxin A treatment were recorded in the whole group of patients. The effect of injections lasted usually for more than three months. The authors recommend botulinum toxin A together with physiotherapy as the treatment of first choice in the management of spasticity of limb muscles in children suffering from cerebral palsy.

• MeSH
• botulotoxiny typu A dějiny   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dystonie farmakoterapie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie metody   statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozková obrna farmakoterapie   komplikace   rehabilitace   MeSH
• postižené děti rehabilitace   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• svalová spasticita farmakoterapie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• anodoncie * etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kefalometrie metody   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula patologie   MeSH
• maxilofaciální vývoj MeSH
• mezičelistní vztahy MeSH
• řezáky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Wolbachia bacteria, vertically transmitted intracellular endosymbionts, are associated with two major host taxa in which they show strikingly different symbiotic modes. In some taxa of filarial nematodes, where Wolbachia are strictly obligately beneficial to the host, they show complete within- and among-species prevalence as well as co-phylogeny with their hosts. In arthropods, Wolbachia usually are parasitic; if beneficial effects occurs, they can be facultative or obligate, related to host reproduction. In arthropods, the prevalence of Wolbachia varies within and among taxa, and no co-speciation events are known. However, one arthropod species, the common bedbug Cimex lectularius was recently found to be dependent on the provision of biotin and riboflavin by Wolbachia, representing a unique case of Wolbachia providing nutritional and obligate benefits to an arthropod host, perhaps even in a mutualistic manner. Using the presence of presumably functional biotin gene copies, our study demonstrates that the obligate relationship is maintained at least in 10 out of 15 species of the genera Cimex and Paracimex. The remaining five species harboured Wolbachia as well, demonstrating the first known case of 100% prevalence of Wolbachia among higher arthropod taxa. Moreover, we show the predicted co-cladogenesis between Wolbachia and their bedbug hosts, also as the first described case of Wolbachia co-speciation in arthropods.

• MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy genetika   MeSH
• biotin biosyntéza   MeSH
• štěnice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• vznik druhů (genetika) * MeSH
• Wolbachia klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

PURPOSE: To identify the morphological patterns of suprascapular notch stenosis. METHODS: Suprascapular notch space capacity was assessed by morphometric analysis of 333 dry scapulae. Suprascapular notch parameters-superior transverse distance, middle width, depth, medial border length and lateral border length-were measured. The probable suprascapular notch stenosis was referenced by (1) comparing each obtained parameter measurement to the range of the suprascapular nerve diameter, and (2) quantifying the reduced parameters. Finally, the morphological pattern was determined based on the collective reduction of the parameters and their alignments. RESULTS: Five types of suprascapular notch based on depth to superior transverse distance ratio were identified and assessed. Type-I showed low incidence of stenosis (6/333) and low frequency within type (6/28) with potential risk of horizontal compression. Type-II showed relatively low incidence of stenosis (9/333) and low frequency within type (9/50) with undetermined pattern. Type-III showed relatively higher incidence of stenosis (47/333) but low frequency within type (47/158) with potential risk of vertical compression. Type-IV (foramen) showed low incidence of stenosis (6/333) and relatively lower frequency within type (6/26) with potential risk of encircled compression. Finally, type-V (discrete) showed relatively high incidence of stenosis (40/333) and high frequency within type (40/71) with potential risk of vertical compression. The suprascapular notch was found to be stenosed beyond its capacity to accommodate the suprascapular nerve in 49/333. Type-V is at most risk followed by Type-III. CONCLUSIONS: Suprascapular notch stenosis takes three morphological patterns: horizontal, vertical or mixed. An osteoplasty of suprascapular notch margins may be required beside the common surgical approach of the superior transverse scapular ligamentectomy.

• MeSH
• cementoplastika statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lopatka patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• mrtvola MeSH
• rameno chirurgie   MeSH
• stenóza epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• úžinové syndromy epidemiologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain are among the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). They play an essential role in spatial pattern separation, a process critical for accurate encoding of similar spatial information. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine spatial pattern separation and its association with volumetric changes of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain nuclei projecting to the hippocampus (the medial septal nuclei and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca - Ch1-2 nuclei) in the biomarker-defined early clinical stages of AD. METHODS: A total of 98 older adults were recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study cohort. The participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 44), mild AD dementia (n = 31), and cognitively normal older adults (CN; n = 23) underwent spatial pattern separation testing, comprehensive cognitive assessment, and MRI brain volumetry. RESULTS: Spatial pattern separation accuracy was lower in the early clinical stages of AD compared to the CN group (p < 0.001) and decreased with disease severity (CN > aMCI due to AD > AD dementia). Controlling for general memory and cognitive performance, demographic characteristics and psychological factors did not change the results. Hippocampal and Ch1-2 volumes were directly associated with spatial pattern separation performance while the entorhinal cortex operated on pattern separation indirectly through the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Smaller volumes of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain Ch1-2 nuclei are linked to spatial pattern separation impairment in biomarker-defined early clinical AD and may contribute to AD-related spatial memory deficits.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc diagnostické zobrazování   psychologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce diagnostické zobrazování   psychologie   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie trendy   MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pilosella officinarum (syn. Hieracium pilosella) is a highly structured species with respect to the ploidy level, with obvious cytogeographic trends. Previous non-collated data indicated a possible differentiation in the frequency of particular ploidy levels in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Therefore, detailed sampling and ploidy level analyses were assessed to reveal a boundary of common occurrence of tetraploids on one hand and higher ploids on the other. For a better understanding of cytogeographic differentiation of P. officinarum in central Europe, a search was made for a general cytogeographic pattern in Europe based on published data. METHODS: DNA-ploidy level and/or chromosome number were identified for 1059 plants using flow cytometry and/or chromosome counting on root meristem preparations. Samples were collected from 336 localities in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary. In addition, ploidy levels were determined for plants from 18 localities in Bulgaria, Georgia, Ireland, Italy, Romania and Ukraine. KEY RESULTS: Four ploidy levels were found in the studied area with a contrasting pattern of distribution. The most widespread cytotype in the western part of the Czech Republic is tetraploid (4x) reproducing sexually, while the apomictic pentaploids and mostly apomictic hexaploids (5x and 6x, respectively) clearly prevail in Slovakia and the eastern part of the Czech Republic. The boundary between common occurrence of tetraploids and higher ploids is very obvious and represents the geomorphologic boundary between the Bohemian Massif and the Western Carpathians with the adjacent part of Pannonia. Mixed populations consisting of two different ploidy levels were recorded in nearly 11% of localities. A statistically significant difference in a vertical distribution of penta- and hexaploids was observed in the Western Carpathians and the adjacent Pannonian Plain. Hexaploid populations tend to occur at lower elevations (usually below 500 m), while the pentaploid level is more or less evenly distributed up to 1000 m a.s.l. For the first time the heptaploid level (7x) was found on one site in Slovakia. In Europe, the sexual tetraploid level has clearly a sub-Atlantic character of distribution. The plants of higher ploidy level (penta- and hexa-) with mostly apomictic reproduction prevail in the northern part of Scandinavia and the British Isles, the Alps and the Western Carpathians with the adjacent part of Pannonia. A detailed overview of published data shows that extremely rare records on existence of diploid populations in the south-west Alps are with high probability erroneous and most probably refer to the closely related diploid species P. peleteriana. CONCLUSIONS: The recent distribution of P. officinarum in Europe is complex and probably reflects the climatic changes during the Pleistocene and consequent postglacial migrations. Probably both penta- and hexaploids arose independently in central Europe (Alps and Carpathian Mountains) and in northern Europe (Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland), where the apomictic plants colonized deglaciated areas. We suggest that P. officinarum is in fact an amphidiploid species with a basic tetraploid level, which probably originated from hybridizations of diploid taxa from the section Pilosellina.

• MeSH
• Asteraceae klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• ploidie * MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zeměpis * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

The Differential Evolution (DE) is a widely used bioinspired optimization algorithm developed by Storn and Price. It is popular for its simplicity and robustness. This algorithm was primarily designed for real-valued problems and continuous functions, but several modified versions optimizing both integer and discrete-valued problems have been developed. The discrete-coded DE has been mostly used for combinatorial problems in a set of enumerative variants. However, the DE has a great potential in the spatial data analysis and pattern recognition. This paper formulates the problem as a search of a combination of distinct vertices which meet the specified conditions. It proposes a novel approach called the Multidimensional Discrete Differential Evolution (MDDE) applying the principle of the discrete-coded DE in discrete point clouds (PCs). The paper examines the local searching abilities of the MDDE and its convergence to the global optimum in the PCs. The multidimensional discrete vertices cannot be simply ordered to get a convenient course of the discrete data, which is crucial for good convergence of a population. A novel mutation operator utilizing linear ordering of spatial data based on the space filling curves is introduced. The algorithm is tested on several spatial datasets and optimization problems. The experiments show that the MDDE is an efficient and fast method for discrete optimizations in the multidimensional point clouds.

• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• datové soubory jako téma * MeSH
• interpretace obrazu počítačem * MeSH
• rozpoznávání automatizované * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• klinické lékařství MeSH
• oftalmologie MeSH
• pediatrie MeSH
• strabismus MeSH
• věda MeSH

• Konspekt
• Ortopedie. Chirurgie. Oftalmologie
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• oftalmologie
• věda a výzkum
• pediatrie
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol