• MeSH
• hypercholesterolemie MeSH
• koronární nemoc * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• nádory MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• kardiologie

Winter provides many challenges for terrestrial arthropods, including low temperatures and decreased food availability. Most arthropods are dormant in the winter and resume activity when conditions are favorable, but a select few species remain active during winter. Winter activity is thought to provide a head start on spring growth and reproduction, but few studies have explicitly tested this idea or investigated tradeoffs associated with winter activity. Here, we detail biochemical changes in overwintering winter-active wolf spiders, Schizocosa stridulans, to test the hypothesis that winter activity promotes growth and energy balance. We also quantified levels of putative cryoprotectants throughout winter to test the prediction that winter activity is incompatible with biochemical adaptations for coping with extreme cold. Body mass of juveniles increased 3.5-fold across winter, providing empirical evidence that winter activity promotes growth and therefore advancement of spring reproduction. While spiders maintained protein content throughout most of the winter, lipid content decreased steadily, suggesting either a lack of available prey to maintain lipids, or more likely, an allometric shift in body composition as spiders grew larger. Carbohydrate content showed no clear seasonal trend but also tended to be higher at the beginning of the winter. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that winter activity is incompatible with cryoprotectant accumulation. However, we observed accumulation of glycerol, myo-inositol, and several other cryoprotectants, although levels were lower than those typically observed in overwintering arthropods. Together, our results indicate that winter-active wolf spiders grow during the winter, and while cryoprotectant accumulation was observed in the winter, the modest levels relative to other species could make them susceptible to extreme winter events.

• MeSH
• energetický metabolismus * MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• glycerol analýza   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• inositol analýza   MeSH
• kryoprotektivní látky analýza   MeSH
• lipidy analýza   MeSH
• nízká teplota škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• pavouci růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• predátorské chování MeSH
• proteiny analýza   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• sacharidy analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

The disproportionate evolutionary expansion of the human cerebral cortex with reinforcement of cholinergic innervations warranted a major rise in the functional and metabolic load of the conserved basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system. Given that acetylcholine (ACh) regulates properties of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) tau and promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), growing neocortex predicts higher demands for ACh, while the emerging role of BF cholinergic projections in Aβ clearance infers greater exposure of source neurons and their innervation fields to amyloid pathology. The higher exposure of evolutionary most recent cortical areas to the amyloid pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with synaptic impairments and atrophy, therefore, might involve attenuated homeostatic effects of BF cholinergic projections, in addition to fall-outs of inherent processes of expanding association areas. This unifying model, thus, views amyloid pathology and loss of cholinergic cells as a quid pro quo of the allometric evolution of the human brain, which in combination with increase in life expectancy overwhelm the fine homeostatic balance and trigger the disease process.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• default mode network metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozková kůra metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neurony cholinergní metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory faktorů růstu nervů metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Methanol mass poisoning is a global problem with high fatality rates and often severe sequelae in survivors. Patients typically present late to the hospital with severe metabolic acidosis followed by a rapid deterioration in their clinical status. The hypothesis 'Circulus hypoxicus' describes the metabolic acidosis following methanol poisoning as a self-enhancing hypoxic circle responsible for methanol toxicity. We wanted to test the validity of this hypothesis by an observational study based on 35 patients from the methanol outbreaks in Norway (2004) and the Czech Republic (2012). Comprehensive laboratory values, including S(serum)-methanol, S-formate, S-lactate, arterial blood gases, anion and osmolal gaps, were used in the calculations. Laboratory values and calculated gaps were compared to each other using linear regression. S-lactate and S-formate correlated better with the increased base deficit and anion gap than did S-formate alone. Base deficit rose to about 20 mmol/L and S-formate rose to 12 mmol/L prior to a significant rise in S-lactate - most likely caused by formate inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (type B lactacidosis). The further rise in S-lactate was not linear to S-formate most likely due to the self-enhancing pathophysiology, but may also be associated with hypotension in critically ill patients and variable ethanol drinking habits. Our study suggests that the primary metabolic acidosis leads to a secondary lactic acidosis mainly due to the toxic effects of formate. The following decline in pH will further increase this toxicity. As such, a vicious and self-enhancing acidotic circle may explain the pathophysiology in methanol poisoning, namely the 'Circulus hypoxicus'.

• MeSH
• acidobazická rovnováha účinky léků   MeSH
• acidóza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• analýza krevních plynů MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• formiáty krev   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methanol krev   otrava   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poruchy acidobazické rovnováhy chemicky indukované   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH

Mass is an important factor that has an influence on the stability of the human body. The hypothesis is the higher the mass, the higher the stability. The proportionality of the human body when considering body mass and physical height are expressed by the BMI (body mass index). Our goal was to verify a correlation between BMI and postural stability with the use of stabilometry tests on baropodometric platforms to confirm or refute the mentioned hypothesis. A total of 184 healthy subjects (73 females and 111 male) participated in the measurement and performed a bipedal test with their eyes open and closed, where the evaluated parameters were the confidence ellipse area and the length of the oscillation. After a statistical assessment of the measurements, we can confirm that having the eyes open or closed has an influence on the confidence ellipse area and the length of oscillation. The measured values show that the confidence ellipse area and the length of oscillation are not dependent on the BMI.

• MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• posturální rovnováha * MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cílem našeho příspěvku je ověřit existenci závislosti mezi množstvím poruch pohybového systému, jejich typem a typem tělesné stavby, reprezentované somatotypem. Domníváme se, že vlivem odlišné tělesné stavby vznikají také různé dispozice pro vznik a vývoj různých typů dysbalancí. Předpokládáme, že kromě typu a výše hodnoty dominantní komponenty, důležitou roli hraje i rozptyl hodnot jednotlivých komponent. Sledovali jsme frekvenci jednotlivých typů poruch v závislosti na velikosti rozdílu nejnižší a nejvyšší hodnoty komponent somatotypu a to u mužů a u žen zvlášť. Na základě získaných výsledků můžeme konstatovat, že frekvence poruch, zejména pří hodnocení počtu zkrácených a oslabených svalových skupin se zvyšuje s rostoucím rozdílem mezi hodnotami komponent.

In these articles we made an effort to investigate the relationship betwen the failure rate of the motorical systém, the kind of dysbalances and the type of body constitution. We suppose an influence of the type dominances componet of somatotypes, the value of these component, but we expect also a significant impact of difference of the value of component of the somatotype. We observed the frequency of muscle shortening, muscle weakness and the rate of incorrect dynamic stereotypes. Acquired resultes confirm our hypothesis about the relationship between the dysbalance rate and the difference of value components of somatotype.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muži MeSH
• posturální rovnováha MeSH
• somatotypy MeSH
• tělesná konstituce MeSH
• ženy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to investigate whether dynamic strength training modifies the control of lipolysis, with particular attention paid to the involvement of the antilipolytic adrenergic alpha 2A receptor (ADRA2A) pathway. METHODS: Twelve obese men (age: 47.4+/-2.8 years; BMI: 32.7+/-0.9) were investigated during a 210-min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp conducted before and after 3 months of dynamic strength training. Before and during the third hour of the clamp, the lipolytic effect of a perfusion of isoproterenol or adrenaline (epinephrine) alone or associated with the ADRA2A antagonist phentolamine was evaluated using the microdialysis method of measuring extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). In addition, biopsies of SCAAT were carried out before and after training to determine mRNA levels RESULTS: The training increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. The decrease of EGC was more pronounced during the clamp conducted after the training period than during the clamp done in pre-training conditions. Before and after the training, catecholamines induced an increase in EGC, the increase being lower during the clamp on each occasion. The isoproterenol-induced increase in EGC was higher after the training. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was potentiated by phentolamine after but not before the training. There were no training-induced changes in mRNA levels of key genes of the lipolytic pathway in SCAAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In obese subjects, dynamic strength training improves whole-body and adipose tissue insulin responsiveness. It increases responsiveness to the adrenergic beta receptor stimulation of lipolysis and to the antilipolytic action of catecholamines mediated by ADRA2As.

• MeSH
• adrenalin fyziologie   MeSH
• alfa-2-adrenergní receptory - antagonisté MeSH
• alfa-2-adrenergní receptory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• antagonisté beta-2-adrenergních receptorů MeSH
• beta-2-adrenergní receptory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklické nukleotidfosfodiesterasy, typ 3 MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fentolamin farmakologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• glycerol analýza   chemie   MeSH
• glykemický clamp MeSH
• inzulin fyziologie   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence fyziologie   MeSH
• isoprenalin farmakologie   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné neesterifikované krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipolýza MeSH
• messenger RNA analýza   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• podkožní břišní tuk chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• sterolesterasa fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinické zkoušky MeSH

Osteoarthritis (OA) can be used as a common name for a group of overlapping pathological conditions when the balance between the processes of degradation and synthesis, in individual parts of the cartilage, is disturbed and leads to gradual cartilage destruction. A preventive approach toward OA helps with a timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment of this disease. One of the significant risk factors affecting development of hip joint OA is the mechanism and magnitude of mechanical loading on the joint. The main motivation for this work was to verify the hypothesis involving a pathologic cycle (overloading - change of locomotion - overloading) as contributory to the development of OA and whether it can be stopped, or at least partly decelerated, by a suitable change of movement stereotypes. Providing that there is a natural balance of muscular action, from the beginning of OA, the development of OA can be significantly decelerated. The return to a natural force balance can be achieved using suitable exercise and strengthening of muscular structures. In order to verify the hypothesis, we undertook experimental measurements of gait kinematics and a computational analysis of the hip joint using the Finite Element Method.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• artróza kyčelních kloubů patofyziologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• chůze (způsob) fyziologie   MeSH
• chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kloubní chrupavka patofyziologie   MeSH
• kyčelní kloub patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová grafika MeSH
• posturální rovnováha fyziologie   MeSH
• rozsah kloubních pohybů fyziologie   MeSH
• software MeSH
• techniky fyzikální terapie MeSH
• zatížení muskuloskeletálního systému fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Goal of the work is to verify if there exists a significant difference in the quality of movement measured via virtual reality (VR) technology between two groups of patients diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Grouping is made according to geographic regions; Group 1 is from Zagreb, Group 2 from Vukovar. Another goal of the work is to verify whether there is a significant improvement from initial to final measurements over a one year period in the results of all patients from both groups. Hypothesis: there is no significant difference in the quality of movement between two groups of patients, as obtained through VR tests. The second hypothesis is that there is no significant difference in the results of specific VR tests for AIS between initial and final measurements of all the examinee; respectively, the conventional therapy program in both groups doesn’t produce significant results in the direction of improvement. The sample: each group is comprised of 5 patients with AIS diagnosis, between the ages of 12–18, of both genders. The patients have a double scoliotic curve with Cobb value between 37 and 46 degrees, and are being treated with classical physiotherapeutic methods for AIS, at clinics in Zagreb and Vukovar. Methodology: VR tests for assessment of the quality of movement are a part of the System for Diagnosis and Control in Kinesiology (SYDACK) constructed at the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, as described in the dissertation: VR in physiotherapy of patients with AIS (Filipović, 2011). SYDACK is an original Croatian product, containing 4 VR tests for evaluating the quality of movement: diagonal sliding to the right, diagonal sliding to the left, sliding and hip elevation. Results are analyzed via a t-test for small independent samples and a t-test for small dependent samples. In 93.75% cases there is no significant difference between results of the two groups, as obtained by all 4 VR tests. The analysis shows there is no geographical dependence in the quality of motion with AIS, which confirms the initial hypothesis. In 81.25% cases there is no significant difference in the results of specific VR tests between initial and final measurements. In 18.75% cases there is a significant difference in the direction of improvement.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pohyb * MeSH
• posturální rovnováha MeSH
• skolióza * diagnóza   radiografie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• hodnotící studie MeSH

It has been suggested that weak 50/60 Hz [extremely low frequency (ELF)] magnetic fields (MF) could affect circadian biorhythms by disrupting the clock function of cryptochromes (the "cryptochrome hypothesis," currently under study). That hypothesis is based on the premise that weak (Earth strength) static magnetic fields affect the redox balance of cryptochromes, thus possibly their signaling state as well. An appropriate method for testing this postulate could be real time or short-term study of the circadian clock function of retinal cryptochromes under exposure to the static field intensities that elicit the largest redox changes (maximal "low field" and "high field" effects, respectively) compared to zero field. Positive results might encourage further study of the cryptochrome hypothesis itself. However, they would indicate the need for performing a similar study, this time comparing the effects of only slight intensity changes (low field range) in order to explore the possible role of the proximity of metal structures and furniture as a confounder under the cryptochrome hypothesis.

• MeSH
• cirkadiánní hodiny fyziologie   MeSH
• kryptochromy fyziologie   MeSH
• magnetické pole * MeSH
• retina fyziologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH